NRLF 


B   M   E53   DDb 


WEIGHTS 


MEASURES  AND  MONEY 


WEIGHTS, 


MEASURES,   AND   MONEY, 


OF  ALL   NATIONS. 


COMPILED   BY 

F.   W.   CLARKE,   S.B., 

PROFESSOR  OF    PHYSICS    AND  CHEMISTBT  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CINCINNATI. 


"DUTIVERSITT] 


NEW  YORK: 
D.    APPLETON   &    COMPANY, 

1,  8,  AND  5  BOND  STREET. 
1891. 


2 

ENTERED,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1875,  by 

D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


CONTENTS. 


PART    FIRST. 

PAGB 

I.— INTRODUCTION     ........     5 

II. — THE  WEIGHTS,  MEASURES,  AND  MONEY,  OF  ALL  NATIONS,  AL- 
PHABETICALLY ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  LOCALITY  .  1 

PART    SECOND. 

I. — MEASURES  OF  LENGTH             .          .          .          .          .  .85 

II.— KOAD  MEASURES    .          .           .           .          .          .          .  91 

III. — SQUARE  MEASURES        .          .          .          .          .          .  .92 

IV.— LAND  MEASURES 93 

V.— CUBIC  MEASURES          .          .          .          .          .          .  .96 

VI.— LIQUID  MEASURES             ......  96 

VII.— DBY  MEASURES 101 

VIII.— WEIGHTS 106 

IX.— MONEY  .  .  116 


INTEODUOTIOK 


IN  the  following  pages  the  compiler  has  sought  to  ar- 
range, in  a  manner  convenient  for  reference,  the  weights, 
measures,  and  money,  of  all  nations.  The  work  is  naturally 
divided  into  two  parts :  first,  a  classification  according  to 
countries,  arranged  alphabetically;  and,  second,  a  set  of 
tables  in  which  the  value  of  each  unit  is  given  both  in 
English  and  in  metric  standards.  This  use  of  the  metric 
system,  coextensively  with  the  ordinary  system,  may  be 
regarded  as  the  characteristic  feature  of  the  book.  Of 
course,  its  introduction  on  so  broad  a  scale  doubled  the 
labor  of  constructing  many  of  the  tables  in  the  work,  but 
the  writer  believes  the  labor  to  have  been  profitably  spent. 
The  metric  weights  and  measures  are  now  legal  in  thia 
country,  and  are  used  by  at  least  twenty  nations  besides ; 
surely,  then,  they  deserve  as  much  attention  as  our  own 
more  locally  familiar  but  more  bungling  systems.  Our 
three  sets  of  weights,  our  three  different  gallons,  and  our 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

two  dissimilar  bushels,  all  unrelated  to  each  other,  or  to 
the  units  of  length,  must  soon  give  way  before  the  sim- 
plicity and  elegance  of  the  metric  system.  That  this  event 
may  soon  happen,  and  that  the  weights  and  measures  of 
the  world  may  before  long  be  reduced  to  metric  uniformity, 
is  the  sincere  wish  and  hope  of  the  writer. 

F.  W.  C. 


WEIGHTS,  MEASURES,  AND  MONET. 


PART  FIRST. 


THE  tables  given  in  this  part  of  the  work  need  no  explanation 
gave  in  one  particular.  In  the  tables  which  relate  to  coinage  the 
weight  is  expressed  in  troy  grains,  and  the  fineness  in  thousandths. 
Thus  a  gold  coin  is  900  fine  when  it  contains  in  1,000  parts  900 
of  pure  or  "  fine  "  metal.  It  will  be  noticed  in  many  cases  that 
the  absolute  metal  value  of  a  coin  varies  from  its  assumed  the- 
oretical worth.  Variations  of  this  sort  are,  however,  generally 
trifling,  although  obviously  unavoidable  altogether. 

Abyssinia* 

Length. — The  pic  =  27  inches,  or  0.686  metre. 
Liquid  Measure. — The  kuba,  or  cuba,  =  0.2684  gallon,   or 
1.0166  litres. 

Dry  Measure. — For  grain,  the  chief  measure  is  the  ardeb; 
which  at  Gondar  in  the  interior  is  divided  into  10  madegas,  and 
at  Massowah  on  the  sea-coast  into  24  madegas.  At  Gondar,  the 
ardeb  equals  0.11465  bushel,  or  4.039  litres ;  at  Massowah  it  is 
0.33333  bushel,  or  11.745  litres. 

Weight. — 10  dirhems  make  1  wakea. 

12  wakeas      "     1  rotl,  rottolo,  or  liter,  =  4,800 

grains. 

32  rotl  "      1  mond,  or  maund. 

12  dirhems     "     1  mocha,  =  1  troy  ounce. 


8  A  CHIN. 

•  For  coinage,  Abyssinia  depends  upon  foreign  countries.  Ve- 
netian sequins,  Spanish  dollars,  and  the  "  Maria  Theresa  dollars," 
of  Austria,  are  chiefly  in  circulation.  The  last-named  coins  are 
also  called  patakas,  or  patacks. 

23  harfs  =  1  pataka. 

2^  patakas  =  1  sequin. 

Large  payments  are  made  in  gold  ingots,  weighed  by  the 
wakea.  A  wakea  of  gold  commonly  rates  at  a  little  less  than  12 
patakas,  but  of  course  the  value  fluctuates.  In  some  localities 
small  bricks  of  salt,  and  strings  of  beads,  serve  as  currency. 

A  chin,  or  Acheen.     See  SUMATRA. 

Afghanistan* 

The  money,  weights,  and  measures  of  Afghanistan  are  like 
those  of  Persia,  Arabia,  and  India. 
.     In  length,  1  goess  =  45.67  inches,  or  1.16  metres. 

Algeria. 

Since  the  French  conquest,  the  French  coinage,  weights,  and 
measures,  have  been  used.  The  earlier,  native  values  were  about 
as  follows : 

Length. — The  Turkish  pic  =  24.92  inches,  or  0.633  metre. 
"    Arabic    "    =  18.96      "        "  0.482       " 

Each  pic  is  divided  into  eight  parts,  called  robi. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  khoulle  =  4.4027  gallons,  or  16.66  litres. 

Dry  Measure.— The  tarrie  =  0.56295,  the  saa  =  1.36215,  and 
the  caffiso  =  9.00718  bushels. 

Weights. — The  karob  =  3  grains.  The  mitkal  or  metical  = 
72.06  grains,  used  in  weighing  gold,  etc.  The  wakea  =  12.04  oz. 
The  rotl  attari,  for  spices,  =  1.20396  Ib. ;  the  rotl  feuddi,  for 
gold  and  silver,  =  1.096714  Ib. ;  the  rotl  gheddari,  for  fruits,  = 
1.354458  Ib. ;  and  the  rotl  khebir,  =  2.03167  Ibs.,  or  a  little  less 
than  one  kilogramme.  There  are  also  corresponding  quontars,  or 
cantaros,  equal  respectively  to  100  of  each  rotL 

Money. — The  former  silver  rial-boudjou  was  equal  to  $0.3617, 
The  pataca  chica,  money  of  account,  was  worth  about  $0.223. 


ARABIA  9 

Amboyna.     See  MOLUCCAS. 

Aiinam. 

Length. — Here  there  are  two  systems ;  the  first  used  for  cloth 
measure,  the  second  employed  by  architects  and  builders.  10  ly 
=  1  phan ;  10  phan  =  1  tac ;  10  tac  =  1  thuoc ;  10  thuoc  =  1 
truong ;  3  truong  =  1  that ;  10  that  =  1  gon.  In  this  system  the 
phan  =  0.2558  inches.  In  the  architect's  scale  the  phan  =  0.1918 
inches,  and  is  subdivided  as  in  cloth  measure.  Above  the  thuoc, 
5  thuoc  =  1  ngu  ;  3  ngu  =  1  sao ;  10  sao  =  1  mau. 

Road  Measure. — 2  ly  =  1  dam,  of  about  0.55  mile. 

Surface.— Squares  of  builder's  long  measure  are  used  in  meas- 
uring land. 

Capacity. — No  authentic  system. 

Weight. — The  ly,  =  0.6  grain,  is  decimally  subdivided  down 
to  its  millionth  part.  Of  course  these  minor  weights  are  imaginary. 
Above  the  ly,  10  ly  =  1  phan  ;  10  phan  =  1  dong ;  10  dong  = 
1  luong ;  10  luong  =  1  nen ;  1.6  nen  =  1  can.  The  can  =  1.378 
Ibs.,  or  624.838  grammes.  10  can  =  1  yen;  5  yen  =  1  binh;  2 
binh  =  1  ta ;  6  ta  =  1  quan.  The  quan  —  688.76  Ibs. 

Money. — 60  sapeks  =  1  mas ;  10  mas  =  1  kwan.  The  kwan 
equals  $0.6698. 

Antigua.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Arabia* — MOCHA  ;  See  also  MUSCAT. 

Length. — The  guz,  gez,  or  goess  =  25  niches,  or  0.63498  me- 
tre. The  cobido  or  covid  =  19.0  niches,  or  0.4826  metre.  The 
kassaba  =  4.1  yards,  or  3.75  metres. 

Road  Measure. — The  baryd,  of  4  farsakh  =  about  12  miles. 

Liquid  Measure. — 16  vakias  =  1  noosfia  or  nusfiah ;  Snoosfiaa 
=  1  gudda  or  cuddy;  =  1.999  gallon,  or  7.567  litres. 

Dry  Measure. — 40  mecmedas  or  kellas  =  1  teman  or  tomand ; 
1  teman  of  rice  weighs  168  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

Weights.— ±Q  vakias  =  1  maund  or  maon,  =  3  Ibs.,  or  1.3608 
kilogrammes.  10  maunds  =  1  frazil,  =  30  Ibs.,  or  13.61  kilo- 


10  ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 

grammes.  15  frazils  =  1  bahar,  =  450  Ibs.,  or  204.12  kilo- 
grammes. At  Bet-el-faki  the  maund  is  equivalent  to  2.039  Ibs., 
and  at  Jidda  to  1.830078  Ibs.  In  the  former  place  the  bahar  con- 
tains 400  maunds,  and  at  the  latter  only  100.  These  towns  also 
have  a  rotl,  equal  at  Bet-el-faki  to  1.019531  Ibs.,  and  at  Jidda  to 
0.366016  Ib. 

At  Mocha  the  wakega,  used  in  commerce,  =  1  Ib.  avoirdupois ; 
the  wakega  for  gold  and  silver  being  only  0.68571  Ib.  Minor 
weights  are  the  danik,  7.86  grains  troy ;  the  coffala,  used  in  weigh- 
ing gold  and  silver,  48  grains  ;  and  the  miscal,  72  grains. 

Money. — Accounts  are  kept  in  piastres  of  80  caveers;  the 
value  of  the  piastre  being  about  $0.8337.  Another  authority 
makes  it  90  cents.  Payments  may  be  made  also  in  Spanish  dol- 
lars. The  commassee  is  a  small  native  coin  containing  7  carats 
silver,  and  worth  about  40  to  the  dollar.- 

Argentine  Confederation. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  has  recently  been 
introduced,  and  is  now  the  only  system  recognized  in  the  custom- 
houses of  the  republic.  The  former  weights  and  measures  were 
as  follows,  being  of  Spanish  origin : 

Length. — 4  palmas  =  1  vara ;  2  varas  =  1  braza.  Also,  3 
pies  =  I  vara.  The  vara  =  34.1208  inches,  or  0.866  metre. 

Road  Measure.— The  legua  =  600  varas,  or  0.3231  mile. 
The  milla  =  1.149  miles,  or  1.85  kilometres.  Used  upon  rail- 
roads. 

Liquid  Measure.— 32  frascos  =  1  baril.  The  frasco  =  0.6274 
gallon,  or  0.2374  litre. 

Dry  Measure. — The  lastre  =  2  toneladas,  or  15  fanegas.  The 
fanega  =  3.8936  bushels,  or  137.195  litres. 

Weight. — 25  libras  =  1  arroba ;  4  arrobas  =  1  quintal ;  20 
quintals  =  1  tonelada.  The  libra  =  1.0127  Ib.,  or  0.45936  kilo- 
gramme. The  arroba  of  Buenos  Ayres  =  25  Castilian  libra,  or 
25.3583  Ibs.  The  marco,  for  gold  and  silver,  =  3544.4  grains. 

Money. — 8  reales  =  1  peso  fuerte;  16  pesos  =  1  onza.  The 
United  States  value  of  the  peso  fuerte  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
1874)  is  exactly  $1.00.  The  gold  onza,  of  1813  to  1832,  according 


AUSTRIAN  EMPIRE.  11 

to  the  United  States    assay,  =  $15.5146.     That  from   1828   to 
1832,  $14.6579. 

Australia* 

Generally  the  same  as  Great  Britain.  The  value  of  certain 
gold  coins  is  given  as  follows  by  the  Director  of  the  United  States 
mint:  Pound  of  1852,  weight  .281  ounce,  916£  fine,  value  $5.324. 
Of  1855,  weight  .256  ounce,  916£  fine,  value  $4.8501.  Sovereign 
of  1855  to  1860,  weight  .2565  ounce,  916  fine,  value  $4.857. 

Austrian  Empire. 

After  January  1,  1876,  the  metric  system  will  be  the  legal  one. 
See  also,  BOHEMIA,  HUNGARY,  and  POLAND. 
Length. — 12  punkte  make  1  linie. 
12  linien      "       1  zoll. 
12  zoll          "       1  fuss  =  1.03713   feet,  or  0.31611 

metre. 

6  fuss         "       1  klafter. 

The  elle  =  2.465  fuss,  =  30.676  English  inches. 
The  ruthe  =  12  fuss,  =  12.44556  English  feet. 
Engineers  and  surveyors  use  a  system  derived  from  the  ruthe, 
in  which  *fa  ruthe  =  1  decimal  fuss,  yfoy  ruthe  =  1  decimal  zoll, 
and  ~oW  ruthe  =  1  decimal  linie. 

Road  Measure. — 4,000  klafter,  or  24,000  fuss  =  1  meile.  The 
meile  =  4.714227  miles,  or  7.5866  kilometres. 

Surface. — Commonly,  squares  of  the  measures  of  length.  In 
measuring  land,  the  joch  (which  is  divided  into  three  metzen),  = 
1,600  square  klafter,  or  57,600  square  fuss.  The  joch  =  1.4223 
acres,  or  51.55  ares. 

Measure. 

2  pfiff  make  1  seidel. 

2  seidel    "      1  kanne  or  halbe  mass. 

2  kannen  "      1  mass,  =  1.49525  quarts,  or  1.4149  li. 


10  mass  make  1  viertel. 
4  viertel  "      1  eimer,  =  14.9525  gallons,  or  56.5997 

litres. 

24  eimer  make  1  dreiling. 
82  eimer    "      1  fuder. 


12  AUSTRIAN  EMPIRE. 

Dry  Measure. — For  coke  and  coal  the  stiibich,  =  2  metzen,  is 
used;  for  lime,  the  kalkmiitkel,  =  2|  metzen;  for  wood,  the  cord 
of  £  cubic  klafter.     Ordinary  dry  measure  is  as  follows : 
2  becher  make  1  kleines  massel. 

2  kleine  massel      "      1  grosses  massel. 
2  grosse  massel      "      1  miiller-massel. 
2  miiller  massel      "      1  achtel. 
2  achtel  "      1  viertel. 

4  viertel  "      1  metze,=  1.74512  bushels,  or 

61.49  litres. 

30  metzen  "      1  muth. 

Weight. — 1st.  Ordinary  Commercial: 
4  pfennigemake  1  quentchen. 
4  quentchen  "       1  loth. 
2  loth  "       1  unze. 

4  unzen         "       1  vierding  or  vierling. 

2  vierding     "       1  mark,  =  0.6173  pound,  or  280.0 
grammes. 

2  mark      make  1  pfund,  =  1.2346  pounds,  or  560.0 

grammes. 

20  pfund      make  1  stein. 

5  stein          "  1  centner,  =  123.4615  Ibs. 
4  centner      "  1  karch. 

20  centner      "       1  schiifslast  (shipping  ton). 

40  centner      "       1  last  (ordinary). 
The  saum  =275  pfund. 

The  saum  (of  2  lagel)  for  Styrian  steel  =  250  pfund. 
The  zollpfund  of  the  Zollverein,  for  customs,  =  500  grammes. 
The  miinzpfund  also  =  500  grammes. 
2d.   Weights  for  Precious  Metals  : 
4  pfennig      make  1  quentchen. 
4  quentchen     "       1  loth. 

16  loth  "       1  mark,  =  4,333  grains,  or  280.0  grammea 

The  karat  for  jewels  =  3.1799  grains,  or  0.206085  gramme. 
3d.  Apothecaries'  Weight,  in  which  the  pfund  is  1£  mark. 

20  gran  make  1  scrupel. 

3  scrupel         "       1  drachme. 
8  drachmen    "       1  unze. 

12  unzen          "       1  pfund  =  6,499  grains  troy. 


AUSTRIAN  EMPIRE. 


13 


Money. — Formerly,  4  pfennige  made  1  kreutzer ;  60  kreutzer 
1  florin  or  gulden  ;  2  gulden  1  thaler.  The  ducat  was  4£  gulden, 
20  gulden  were  coined  from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver,  each 
one  being  worth  $0.5054. 

The  new  florin  or  gulden  of  100  kreutzer  is  equal  to  -4L5-  of  a 
miinzpfund  (500  grammes)  of  fine  silver.  The  vereinsthaler  of 
aV  munzpfund  is  1|  florins.  This  florin  is  worth  $0.4803,  and 
rates  in  the  United  States  custom-houses  at  $0.4760. 

The  following  table  gives  the  chief  coins,  their  value,  weight 
in  troy  grains,  and  fineness  in  thousandths : 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Gold 

$9  1502 

"               kt     By  U.  S.  mint 
assay       .        

215  04 

986 

9.1320 

Souverain  or  sovrano.   No  longer  coined 

it 

900 

6  7763 

"       "           By  U.  S.  mint  as- 
say    

m 

174.24 

900 

6.7540 

U 

171  27 

900 

6.6462 

u 

85  64 

900 

3  8231 

Ducat     Before  1865 

,( 

986 

2  2871 

Four-florin  piece.    By  U.  S.  mint  assay 

u 

49.92 

900 

1.9350 
2.2946 

Silver 

401  28 

902 

1  0260 

Former  Conventions  or    specie  -  thaler. 
Before  1857. 

• 

1  0109 

Former  Conventions    or   specie  -  thaler. 
By  U.  8.  mint  assay  

u 

432.96 

833 

1.0230 

Maria-Theresa-thaler.    'Still  coined  with 
date  1780 

u 

1  0109 

Maria  -  Theresa-thaler.     By  U.  S.  mint 
assay       .                

u 

429.60 

838 

1  .0210 

u 

0  7204 

"           "      By  U.  S.  mint  assay  

u 

286.08 
570.91 

900 
900 

0.7310 
1.4409 

Two          "           "        

u 

380  61 

900 

0  9606 

Gulden  before  1853  (Conventions-florin) 

H 

0  5054 

"             "         "  Kate  in  TJ  S  customs 

II 

0  4850 

"            "         "  U.  S.  mint  assay  
New  gulden  or  florin 

216.48 

833 

0.5110 
0  4803 

"         "              "    U.  S.mint  assay... 
Quarter-gulden.    Weight  5  grammes... 
10  kreutzer.                 "       2        " 
5       "                        "1        " 

Billon. 
Bronze. 

190.56 
77.15 
30.86 
15.43 
201.59 

900 
520 
500 
375 

0.4860 
0.1201 
0.0480 
0.0240 
0.0192 

50.39 

0  0043 

Half-kreutzer 

M 

25  20 

0  0024 

Azores  Islands.     Generally  like  PORTUGAL. 

Dry  Measure. — 2  quartos  =  1  meio  ;   2  meios  =  1  alquiere { 


BADEN. 


4  alquieres  =  1  fanga,  of  1.35959  United  States  bushels,  or  47.907 
litres. 

Money. — The  milreis,  in  IT.  S.  custom-houses,  rates  at  $0.835. 

Baden*     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — The  ruthe,  =  3  metres,  is  divided  decimally  into  10 
fuss,  100  zoll,  1,000  linien,  and  10,000  punkte.  The  elle  =  6  deci- 
metres. In  United  States  measure  the  fuss  =  11.811  inches.  The 
klafter  =  3  ellen. 

Road  Measure. — The  wegstunde  (J-  meile)  =  14814.8148  fuss. 
The  meile  =  5.5234  English  miles. 

Surface. — 100  square  ruthen  =  1  viertel ;  4  viertel  =  1  morgen. 
The  morgen  =  36  ares,  or  0.8897  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  fuderis  divided  decimally  into  10  ohm, 
100  stiitzen,  1,000  mass,  and  10,000  glas.  The  value  of  the  mass 
is  1.5  litres,  or  1.585  quarts. 

Dry  Measure. — The  malter  (of  150  litres)  is  divided  decimally 
into  10  sester,  100  masslein,  and  1,000  becher.  10  malter  =  1 
zuber.  In  United  States  measure  the  malter  =  4.257  bushels. 

Weight. — 1  centner  =  10  stein  =  100  pfund  =  1,000  zehnling, 
=  10,000  centass  =  100,000  dekass  or  pfennig  =  1,000,000  ass. 
The  pfund,  which  is  the  same  as  the  zollpfund  or  munzpfund  of 
Germany  in  general,  =  500  grammes,  or  1.1023  Ibs. 

For  apothecary's  weight,  see  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Money. — The  table  gives  the  more  important  coins  of  Baden, 
their  material,  fineness,  and  value  in  United  States  dollars : 


COINS. 

Material. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Former  L/ndwig  d'or           .                    * 

Gold 

$3  4388 

"       doppelthaler  (3J  gulden).     Before  1857. 

Silver. 

1  4409 

"       2  guldenstuck                            "         " 

it 

0  8252 

"       gulden  of  60  krentzer                 "         " 

n 

0.4126 

u           "         "          "    in  U.  S.  custom-houses 

u 

0  4000 

Vereinsthaler  (If-  gulden)  .                           . 

H 

900 

0  7204 

Gulden  (60  kreutzer) 

u 

900 

0  4117 

J  guldenstiick  

• 

900 

0.2054 

8  kreutzerstiick  .  .          .... 

Billon. 

0  0206 

Kreutzer 

Bronze 

0  00686 

0.00348 

BA  VARIA.  15 

Bahamas.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Balearic  Islands.     See  SPAIN. 

On  these  islands  there  are  various  local  measures  and  weights. 
Even  the  more  general  standards,  as  the  libra,  the  cantaro,  palma, 
etc.,  have,  however,  different  values  on  the  different  islands  of  the 
group,  the  discrepancies  being  sometimes  very  great.  Peculiar  to 
Minorca  is  the  gerrah  =  3.18599  gallons.  Majorca  has  the  quartes, 
1.10274,  the  quartin,  7.16781  gallons;  and  the  oder  of  100.2178 
Ibs.  For  length,  the  palmo  =  7.697  inches.  For  weight,  the  libra 
=  0.882  Ib. 

Bantam.     See  JAVA. 

Barbadoes.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Barbary  States.     See  ALGERIA,  TRIPOLI,  and  TUNIS. 

Barbuda.     See  WEST  INDIES, 

Batavia.     See  JAYA, 

Bavaria.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 121inienmakel  zoll. 

12  zoll       "      1  fuss,  =  11.49  in.,  or  0.29184  metre. 

6  fuss      «      1  klafter. 
10    "        "      1  ruthe. 

The  elle  =  34.25  zoll.  By  engineers  and  surveyors  the  fuss  is 
decimally  divided.  Local  values  of  the  fuss  and  of  the  elle  are 
known  at  Augsburg  and  Nuremberg. 

Road  Measure. — The  meile  =  -fa  of  an  equatorial  degree,  = 
4.6143  miles.  The  Anspach  meile  =  5.3652  miles. 

Surface. — The  juchart,  morgen,  or  tagewerk  =  40,000  square 
fuss,  and  is  decimally  divided.  It  equals  34.0536  ares,  or  0.8416 
acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 64  mass  make  1  €imer.  For  wine,  the  eimer 
=  16.9444  gallons;  for  beer,  18.07505  gallons.  The  mudde  of 
Augsburg,  an  old  measure,  =  14.92156  gallons ;  the  Nuremberg 
visirmass  =  0.30302  gallon;  and  the  schenkmass  of  the 


16 


BAVARIA. 


city  =  0.2 8505  gallon.     In   old  times  almost   every  large  town 
seems  to  have  had  its  own  local  system. 

Dry  Measure. — 2  dreissiger  make  1  masslein. 

2  masslein       u       1  massel  or  achtel. 

4  massel         "       1  viertel. 

2  viertel          "      1  metze. 

6  metzen         "       1  scheffel,  =  6.31002  bush- 

els,  or  222.34  litres. 

For  wood,  the  klafter  is  used,  =  126  kubik  fuss,  or  3.1325  cu- 
bic metres,  or  110.6305  cubic  feet. 

Weights. —          4  quentcben         make  1  lotb. 

4  loth  "     1  halber  vierling. 

2  halbe    vierling      "     1  vierling. 
4  vierling  "     1  pfund. 

This  is  the  pfund  of  the  Zollverein,  of  500  grammes,  or  3.102364 
Ibs.  avoirdupois.  The  commercial  pfund  =  560  grammes,  ia 
divided  into  16  unzen,  32  loth,  and  128  quentchen,  and  is  equal 
to  1.2346  Ibs.  avoirdupois.  For  apothecary's  weight,  the  old 
apothecary's  pfund  of  Nuremberg,  with  its  subdivisions,  is  used 
throughout  Germany.  See  GERMAN  EMPIRE, 

Money.— 4  pfennige  =  1  kreuzer ;  60  kreuzer  =  1  florin  or 
gulden;  16  gulden  =  1  krone.  The  table  gives  the  more  impor- 
tant coins,  their  material,  weight  in  troy  grains,  fineness  in  thou- 
sandths, and  value  m  United  States  dollars: 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fraeness. 

Valu*. 

Krone                    .                        

Gold. 

171  .414 

90Q 

$6  58T2 

85  722 

900 

g  <>936 

former  Carolin  

4  99-20 

3  3414 

"       Ducat 

2  2876 

Vereins  -  Zweithalerstiick      (  2  -  Thaler 

Siver. 

5Tt.481 

900 

1.4409 

"Vereinsthaler      »  .  

285.742 

900 

7204 

Zweiguldenstuck  (2-gulden  piece)  
Gulden,  or  florin  .  

826.561 
163  .282 

900 
900 

.8234 
.4117 

^-Gulden        ...            

81.641 

900 

2058 

Viertel^ulden 

70  650 

520 

1029 

6-Kreuzerstuck  

Bi  on. 

38.005 

0412 

&         " 

19  002 

.0206 

Kreuzer 

12;  988 

0069 

Zweipfemrigstiick  (J-  kreuzer}.  

Bs*  nze. 

38.575 

.0034 

Pfennig      ......... 

19  282 

.0017 

Heller 

102  224 

BOHEMIA. 


17 


Belgium. 

The  weights  and  measures  are  the  metric  weights  and  measures 
of  France.  Sometimes  different  names  are  used,  as  aune  for  me- 
tre, litron  for  litre,  livre  for  kilogramme. 

Money. — The  lawful  currency  is  in  francs  and  centimes,  pre- 
cisely as  in  France.  The  value  of  the  franc,  as  a  money  of  ac- 
count, is  in  the  United  States  $0.193.  The  franc  formerly  rated 
at  $0.186. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Welgkt. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Gold. 

121.92 

899 

$4.T200 

Silver 

385.84 

897 

.9800 

2      " 

158.60 

835 

.3640 

Beloochistaii.     Like  AFGHANISTAN. 
Bengal.     See  INDIA. 
Bermudas.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Birmah.    (RANGOON.) 

Length. — The  palgat  or  paulgaut  =  1  inch,  or  0.0254  metre ; 
18  paulgauts  =  1  taim  or  cubit ;  22  paulgauts  —  1  saundaung  or 
royal  cubit. 

Road  Measure. — Y  saundaungs  —  1  dha  or  bambou;  1,000 
bambous  =  1  dain  or  taing.  The  taing  =  2.4306  miles,  or  3.9116 
kilometres. 

Weight.— 100  ticals  or  3  catties  =  1  vis ;  150  vis  =  1  candy. 
Che  candy  =  600  Ibs.,  or  226.801  kilogrammes. 

Bohemia.    (PRAGUE.)    See  also  AUSTRIA. 

Length.— The  Prague  fuss  =  11.88  inches,  and  the  elle  23.2 
inches. 

Surface. — 2  strich  =  1  Austrian  joch. 

Liquid  Measure.— 4  seidel  =  1  pinte ;  32  pinten  =  1  eimer ; 
4  eimer  =  1  fass.  The  fass  =  64.5598  gallons. 


18 


BOKHARA. 


Dry  Measure. — 12  seidel  =  1  massel ;  4  massel  =  I  viertel ; 
4  viertel  =  1  strich.  The  strich  =2.65618  bushels. 

Weight. — 20  pfund  =  1  stein ;  6  stein  =  1  centner.  The  pfund 
is  subdivided  as  in  Vienna,  bat  is  a  trifle  lighter  than  the  Imperial 
standard. 

These  are  only  local  weights  and  measures.  The  legal  system 
is,  of  course,  that  of  Austria. 

Bokhara.     See  TURKESTAN. 

Bolivia. 

The  metric  system  is  recognized  at  the  custom-houses.  The 
other  weights  and  measures  are  of  Spanish  origin. 

Weights. — 4  arrobas  =  1  quintal.  The  quintal  =  46  kilo- 
grammes, or  101.4179  Ibs. 

Money. — 10  cents  =  1  real ;  10  reals  =  1  peso.  The  peso  is 
rated  in  the  United  States  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  1874)  at 
$0.9651.  Its  theoretical  value  is  about  $1.03. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Onza  or  doubloon  (1827^-1836).     Legal 
rate 

Gold. 

$15  601  S 

Onza  or  doubloon  (1  827-1836).    By  U.  8. 
mint  assay  

U 

416  16 

870 

15  598 

Peso.    Former.    By  U.  S.  mint  assay.. 
\  peso       "           "       "      "         " 
New  peso               "       "      « 

Silver. 

U 
U 

808.64 
207.36 
884.48 

903$ 
667 
900 

0.791 
0.892 
0.961 

Borneo. 

The  island  contains  English  and  Dutch  settlements,  in  which 
the  corresponding  weights  and  measures  are  known. 

Dry  Measure. — The  gantang  =  0.73782  bushel. 

Weight* — The  pecul  =  135.6354  Ibs.  Minor  weights  seem  to 
be  something  as  follows  : 

3  malaborong  =  1  tica;  1£  tica  =  1  copang;  4  copang=  1 
mace  ;  4  mace  =  1  pahaw ;  4  pahaws  =  1  tael.  The  tael  =s 
about  614  troy  grams,  or  39.828  grammes. 


BREMEN. 


19 


Bourbon,  Isle  of. 

French  colony,  using  French  weights  and  measures. 

Brazil. 

The  metric  system  is  now  the  legal  system  of  weights  and 
measures.  The  former  scales  were  essentially  Portuguese,  with  va- 
riations, these  being  different  in  different  parts  of  the  empire. 
The  alquiere  =  1.13512  bushels  ;  the  vara  =  1.18878  yards  ;  the 
arroba  (of  32  arratels)  ==  32.3792  Ibs. ;  the  quilate,  a  weight  for 
gems,  =  3.075  grains  ;  and  the  outava,  for  topazes,  =  57.17  grains. 

Money. — The  milreis,  as  a  money  of  account  (Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  1874),  is  rated  in  the  United  States  at  $0.5456. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

20  Milreis. 

10       " 
5       " 

Former  Jos 
2  milreis. 

Milreis.... 

Gold. 

$10.9235 
10.906 
5.4617 
2.7309 
8.7195 
1.0924 
1.025 
0.5462 
0.2731 
0.1092 
0.0109 
0.0055 

By  U  S.  mint  assay  

Si  ver. 
Copper. 

276.00 
133.30 
69.15 

917$ 
916 
916 

10  ...        

Legal  rate                            . 

893.39 
898.60 
196.64 
98.32 
89.33 

916 
9181 
916 
916 
916 

By  U.  8.  mint  assay  

500  reis 

200    "    ... 

20    "    ... 

10    " 

Bremen.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 
Length. — 10  linien=  1  zoll. 

12  zoll   =  1  fuss,  =  11.386  inches,  or  0.2892  metre. 

2  fuss  =  1  elle. 

3  ellen  =  1  klafter. 
8     "     =  1  ruthe. 

Road  Measure. — The  meile  of  20,000  Rheinfuss  =  3.9  miles, 
or  6.28  kilometres. 

Surface. — The  morgen  =  120  square  ruthen  =  30,720  square 
fuss.  The  morgen  =  0.6343  acre. 

Solid  Measure.— The,  faden  =  72  kubikfuss. 


20  BRUNSWICK. 

Liquid  Measure. — 

4  mingel  make  1  quartier. 

9  quartier  "      1  viertel, 

6  viertel     "      1  anker. 

4  anker      «      1  ohm,  =  38.2965  galls.,  or  144.964 

litres. 

6  ohm        "      1  fuder. 
The  sttlbchen  =  4  quartier. 

"    oxhoft      =  6  anker. 
Dry  Measure. — 

4  spinten  make  1  viertel. 

4  viertel    "      1  scheffel,  =  2.10195    bushels,   or 

74.064  litres. 
40  scheffel  make  1  last. 

Weights. — 4  ort  make  1  quentchen. 

4  quentchen    "      1  loth. 
2  loth  "      1  unze. 

8  unzen  "      1  mark. 

2  mark  "      1  pfund,  =  1.09906  Ibs.,  or  0.498 

kilogramme. 

The  schiffpfund  (of  20  liespfund)  =  290  pfund.  The  fracht- 
pfund  or  pfundschwer  =  300  pfund.  The  centner  =116  pfund. 

Money. — 5  schwaren=l  grot ;  72  groten=l  thaler.  The  value 
of  this  thaler  is  $0.7476,  but  it  was  recognized  in  the  United 
States,  under  the  law  of  March  3,  1843,  at  $0.71.  By  the  law  of 
1842,  the  silver  rix-thaler,  worth  $0.7911,  was  rated  at  $0.7875. 
The  old  gold  thaler,  of  which  about  8  i'0-  equal  the  modern  vereins- 
krone,  =  $0.7912. 

Brunswick  (BKAUNSCHWEIG).     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 12  zoll  =  1  schuh  ;  2  schuh  =  1  elle.  The  schuh  = 
11.235  inches,  or  0.285  metre.  The  ruthe  =  8  ellen. 

Road  Measure.— The  meile  (of  34,424  Rhenish  feet)  =  6.7136 
miles. 

Surface. — The  morgen  =  120  square  ruthen,  or  30,720  square 
Bchuh.  English  value,  0.6208  acre. 


CANARY  ISLANDS.  21 

Liquid  Measure. — 2  nossel  =  1  quartier  ;  4  quartier  =  1  stiib« 
chen  ;  40  stiibchen  =  1  ohm  ;  6  ohm  =  1  fuder.  The  fuder  also  = 
4  oxhoft.  The  fass  of  beer  (4  tonnen)  =  108  stiibchen.  The 
stiibchen  =  0.988  gallon,  or  3.74  litres. 

Dry  Measure. — 4:  becher  or  locher  =  1  vierfass  ;  4  vierfass  = 
I  hunt ;  10  himt  =  1  scheffel.  The  scheffel  for  wheat  =  8.6672 
bushels  ;  for  oats,  10.40064  bushels.  4  scheffel  make  1  wispel. 

Weight, — 2  heller  =  1  pfennig ;  4  pfennige  =  1  quentchen  ;  4 
quentchen  =  1  loth  ;  16  loth  =  1  mark ;  2  mark  =  1  pfund.  The 
pfund  =  1.0306  Ibs.,  or  0.4674  kilogramme.  The  schiffpfund  = 
20  liespfund  =  280  pfund. 

For  apothecary's  weight  see  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Money. — The  former  gold  pistole,  =  5  gold  thaler,  was  worth 
$3.96.  The  silver  thaler  of  24  gute  groschen  was  worth  $0.7254. 
In  the  United  States,  by  law  of  1846,  it  rated  at  $0.69. 

Buenos  Ayres.     See  ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 
Cambodia.     See  ANNAM. 

Canada,  including  NOVA  SCOTIA,  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  NEWFOUND- 
LAND, PRINCE  EDWARD'S  ISLAND,  and  the  other  BRITISH  POS- 
SESSIONS in  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Yv'eights  and  measures  as  in  GREAT  BRITAIN.  In  Lower  Can- 
ada, however,  one  or  two  old  French  measures  are  occasionally 
met;  as  the  minot,  for  wheat,  =  1.11111  United  States  bushels; 
and  the  arpent,  for  land,  =  0.8449  acre. 

Money.— The  standard  is  the  dollar  of  100  cents,  equal  in  value 
to  that  of  the  United  States.  The  silver  20  and  25  cent  pieces  are 
925  fine,  with  the  following  weight  and  intrinsic  value :  20  cent, 
weight  72.0  grains,  value  $0.185  ;  25  cent,  weight  90.0  grains,  value 
$0.231.  Under  United  States  statutes,  prior  to  act  of  March  3, 
1873,  the  pound  of  the  British  Provinces  rated  in  our  custom- 
houses at  $4.00. 

Canary  Islands. 

The  measures,  weights,  and  coins,  are  derived  from  SPAIN, 
though  somewhat  varied.  For  length,  the  pie  or  Castilian  foot  = 
11.126  inches.  In  weight,  the  libra  =  1.0148  Ibs. 


22 


CANDIA. 


Candia.     See  CRETE. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  Cape  Colony. 

Weights  and  measures  those  of  GREAT  BRITAIN.  The  currency 
is  also  British,  although  occasionally  the  former  Dutch  values  are 
encountered. 

Cape  Verde  Islands*     See  PORTUGAL. 

Celebes. 

The  pecul  =  135.64  Ibs.  In  general,  the  weights  and  meas- 
ures resemble  or  are  indentical  with  those  of  the  other  neighbor- 
ing  islands  under  the  sway  of  the  Netherlands. 

Central  America.  (GUATEMALA,  HONDURAS,  NICARAGUA,  SAN 
SALVADOR,  and  COSTA  RICA.) 

The  weights  and  measures  are  of  old  Castilian  origin,  but 
varied. 

Length. — The  vara  =  32.874  inches,  or  0.835  metre. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  cantara  of  4  cuartillas  =  4.2631  gal- 
lons, or  16.137  litres 

Dry  Measure. — Thefanegaof  4  cuartillas  =  1.5745  bushels,  or 
55.48  litres. 

Weight. — 25  libras  =  1  arroba ;  4  arrobas  =  1  quintal.  The 
libra  =  1.043  pounds,  or  0.4731  kilogramme. 

Money. — The  unit  is  the  pezo  or  dollar  of  100  centavos.  Its 
value  in  the  United  States  (Secretary  Treasury,  1874)  is  $0.9650. 

COINAGE   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Onza  of  1833  by  TT  S  mint  assay 

Gold. 

$14  9653 

Costa    Eican   half-onza  of  1850.    U.  S. 

tl 

7.6232 

2  escudos,  or  J  onza.    TJ.  S.  mint  assay. 
Pezo,  or  TV  onza,  1825-1849.  U.  S.  mint 
assay             .          ....          . 

U 

M 

100.32 

853} 

8.6875 
0.8295 

£  Keals.                    17.  8.  mint  assay  
Pezo,  1S40—  1872.        "        "        "    
u     1855                    "        "        " 

11 

Silver.; 

12.96 

853} 

.4880 
1.0311 
1.0137 

«*     At  present        "       "       "    

" 

415.68 

850 

.9810 

CHINA. 


Ceylon. 

Generally,  British  measures  of  length  and  surface  are  used. 
The  covid,  when  employed,  =  18.5  inches. 

For  liquids,  the  seer  =  1.2  quarts ;  and  the  parrah  =  6.76 
gallons. 

In  dry  measure,  the  chundoo  =  nearly  half  a  pint.  The  amo- 
mam  =  5.7757  bushels. 

The  candy,  or  bahar,  for  weight,  =  500  Ibs.  Old  measure  = 
520.675  Ibs. 

The  public  accounts  are  kept  in  sterling  money ;  but,  in  or- 
dinary  commercial  transactions,  the  sicca  rupee  is  the  standard. 
See  INDIA. 

Chili. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  is  now  legal.  Old 
standards,  of  Spanish  origin,  are  as  follows :  The  vara  =  2.78  feet ; 
the  quartillo  =  0.2906  gallon;  the  fanega  =  2.575  bushels;  the 
libra  =  1.043  Ibs. 

Money. — The  peso  or  dollar  of  100  centavos  is  the  exact  equiv- 
alent of  5  francs,  French  currency.  Value  in  United  States  cus- 
tom-houses (1874),  $0.9123.  The  gold  condor  =  10  pesos. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Gold 

$9  1225 

"           By  U  S  mint  assay  

236.16 

S9S 

9  1360 

Old  peso  or  dollar.    By  U.  8.  mint  as- 

Silver. 

412.72 

908 

1.0460 

New  u     *'      "      —  5  francs 

0  9648 

"      "     "      "         By  U.  8.  mint  assay. 

u 

384.48 

900| 

0.931 

China. 

Length. — The  yan  is  decimally  divided  into  10  cheung,  100 
chik,  1,000  tsun,  10,000  fan.  The  official  chik,  as  fixed  by  the 
Mathematical  Board  at  Pekin,  =  13.125  inches,  or  almost  exactly 
%  metre.  The  surveyor's  and  engineer's  chik  =  12.7  inches ; 
and  the  commercial  chik  of  Canton  =  14.76  inches,  but  varies  a 
little. 


24  CIRCASSIA. 

Road  Measure. — The  itinerary  chik  =  12.17  inches  ;  of  these, 
1,800  make  1  li,  =  1,825.5  feet,  or  556.41  metres. 

Capacity. — Since  in  China  almost  every  thing  is  sold  by  weight, 
the  wet  and  dry  measures  are  seemingly  superfluous.  There  are, 
however,  two  systems,  in  which  the  measures  are  similarly  named, 
the  names  being  distinguished  by  the  affixes  tsong  and  shi.  These 
series  stand  to  each  other  in  value  as  65  to  100 ;  the  former  being 
for  liquids,  the  latter  for  grain.  In  the  liquid,  or  tsong  series,  the 
tau  is  divided  into  10  shing  and  100  kop.  The  shing-tsong  = 
0.1375  gallon.  The  dry-measure  shing  (shing-shi)  =  0.02177 
bushel.  Another  measure,  the  sei,  =  3.4716  bushels. 

Weights. — 10  mace  =  1  tael ;  16  tael  =  1  catty  or  kan ;  2  cat- 
ties =  1  yin ;  50  yin  =  1  pecul  or  tarn.  The  catty  =  1%  Ibs.,  or 
604.8  grammes.  Hence  the  pecul  =133%  Ibs.  The  shik  is  a 
weight  of  160  Ibs. 

Money. — The  tael  is  decimally  divided  into  10  mace  (tsee'n), 
100  candereens  (fun),  and  1,000  cash  (le). 

The  tael  now  rates  in  United  States  customs  at  $1.61.  Old 
rate,  $1.48.  In  parts  of  China  some  coins  from  the  English 
mint  are  used ;  these  are  of  silver,  901  fine.  The  dollar  of  this 
series  weighs  415.68  grains,  and  is  worth  (by  United  States  mint 
assay)  $1.04.  The  corresponding  ten-cent  piece  weighs  41.76 
grams,  and  is  worth  $0.10^. 

Circassia.     See  RUSSIA. 

Cochin  China.     See  also  ANXAM. 

Here  the  covid  =  15  inches.     The  tael  =  590.75  grains. 

Cologne*     See  GERMAN  EMPIRE,  and  PRUSSIA. 

Until  recently  the  Cologne  mark  was  used  throughout  Ger- 
many in  weighing  the  precious  metals.  This  should  equal  3,609 
troy  grains  ;  but  the  standard  copy  at  Hamburg  is  1  grain  lighter. 

Colombia,  or  New  Granada. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  has  recently  been 
adopted.  The  former  system  was  of  Castilian  origin. 


CYPRUS. 


25 


Money. — The  peso,  or  dollar,  is  exactly  equal  to  five  francs 
French  currency.  It  is  divided  into  10  decimos  and  100  centavos. 
10  pesos  make  1  gold  condor.  The  value  of  the  peso  in  United 
States  customs  is  $0.965. 


COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material 

Value. 

Gold. 

$15  6106 

"        "              Popayan  

15.3775 

Condor  of  10  pesos.    Le^al  value    

ii 

9.64T6 

"       "    "      "         By  U  8  mint  assay 

u 

96751 

Silver. 

0.9726 

"       By  U.  S.  mint  assay    

0.9692 

Corea.     See  CHINA. 

Corsica*     See  FRANCE. 

A  few  liquid  measures  of  Italian  or  Spanish  origin  may  be 
met  with. 

Costa  Rica.     See  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Crete,  or  Candia. 

For  length,  the  pic  =  25.09  inches,  or  0.6373  metre. 
For  liquids,  the  oke  =  0.3458  gallon.     The  mistate,  for  oil,  = 
2.948  gallons. 

The  carga  =  4.32311  bushels. 

For  weight,  the  cantaro  of  100  rottoli  or  44  oka  =  116.57  IbA 

The  currency  is  essentially  Turkish. 

Cuba.     See  WEST  INDIES. 
Curacoa.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Cyprus. 

For  length,  the  pic  =  26.45  inches,  or  0.6718  metre. 

For  liquids,  the  cass  =  1.25  gallons. 

For  grain,  etc.,  the  medinno  =  2.1312  bushels. 


26  DENERARA. 

Weights.— The  oka  =  2.7957  Ibs.  The  rotolo  =  1^  oka,  and 
100  rotolos  =  1  kantar  or  cantaro.  Hence  the  kantar  =  524.2 
Ibs.,  or  237.77  kilogrammes.  The  moosa  is  a  weight  of  112  Ibs. 

Demcrara.     See  GUIANA. 

Denmark. 

Length. — 12  linie  =  1  tomme. 

12  tomme  =  I  fod  =  12.358  inches,  or  0.3139  metre. 

2  fod  =  1  aln. 

3  aln  =  1  favn. 
6    "  =  1  rode. 

Road  Measure. — The  miil  (=  12,000  aln)  =  4.6812  miles,  01 
7.5335  kilometres. 

Surface. — The  tondeland  (=  14,000  square  aln)  =  1.3635  acres, 
or  55.2  ares. 

Liquid  Measure. 

4  poegel  make  1  pot,  =  1.0208  quarts,  or  0.9666 

litre. 

2  pot  "       1  kande. 

39    "  "       1  anker. 

The  pot  =  -fa  cubic  fod.  The  tonde  (for  beer)  =  4.25  cubic 
fod.  The  tonde  (of  tar)  =120  pot. 

Dry  Measure. — The  tonde  used  for  coal  and  charcoal  =  5.5 
cubic  fod.     Regular  measures  are  as  follows : 
2  halvotting  make  1  ottingkar. 
2  ottingkar       "       1  fjerdingkar. 
2  fjerdingkar   "       1  skoeppe. 
8  skoeppe        "      1  tonde,  =  3.9477   bushels,   or 

139.098  litres. 

This  tonde  =  4-J  cubic  fod,  or  144  pot. 
Weight. — 10  ort      make  1  quint. 

10  quint     "       1  pund,  =  1.102368  pounds,  or  500 

grammes. 

100  pund  make  1  centner. 

In  this  scale  the  pund  is  the  pfund  of  the  German  Zollverein. 
The  old  pund  was  defined  as  the  weight  of  -fa  cubic  fod  of  rain- 
water at  16|°  Centigrade ;  or  about  1.100885  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 


ECUADOR. 


27 


16  old  pund  =  1  lispund  ;  20  lispund  =  1  skippund. 
For  precious  metals — 

4  ort        make  1  quintin. 
4  quintin    "       1  lod. 
16  lod          "       1  mark,  =  0.5149    lb.,    or    233.56 

grammes. 
Apothecary's  weight — 

60  gran         make  1  drachme. 

8  drachme     "       1  unze. 

12  unze  "       1  pund,  =  0.788974    lb.   avoirdu- 

pois. 

Money. — The  rigsdaler  equals  6  marks,  and  each  mark  is  di- 
vided into   16  skillings.     2  rigsdalers  make  1  specie  daler. 

The  krone  is  a  money  of  account,  worth  hi  United  States  cus- 
toms $0.268. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Dobbelt  Christian  cTor  (14?  rigsdalers)... 
Frederick  d'or,  or  pistole  (Tf  rigsdalers).  . 
10  daler     By  U  S   mint  assay  ... 

Gold. 
Silver. 

H 

U 

Billon. 
Bronze. 

896 
896 
895 
900 
879 
875 
877 
875 

$8.0124 
4.0062- 
7.9000 
5.3580 
2.6S60 
1.0926 
1.0840 
0.5463 
0.5300 
0.2731 
0.0910 
0.0228 
0.0057 
0.0029 

204.96 
138.24 

20  krone     "      "         "       " 

Specie  ducat  (4}|  rigsdalers)  

Dobbelt  rigsdaler  (specie  daler)  
"           "          By  U.  S.  mint  assay., 
jjjcrgdaler 

'^M'M 

"        Old  rate  in  U.  S.  custom-houses 

Halvdaler  (|  rigsdaler)  

Mark  f1-  rigsdaler)                              .   . 

875 
500 
250 

4  skilling 

u 

Dominica.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

East  Indies,  See  INDIA,  CEYLON,  ANNAM,  BIRMAH,  SIAM,  MA- 
LACCA, MOLUCCAS,  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS,  SOOLOO  ARCHIPELAGO, 
JAVA,  SUMATRA,  BORNEO,  etc. 

Ecuador. 

Formerly,  Spanish  weights  and  measures  were  employed.    Now 
the  metric  system  is  hi  vogue. 


28  EGYPT. 

The  peso,  or  dollar,  is  the  equivalent  of  the  French  5-franc 
piece,  and  is  rated  in  United  States  customs  at  $0.965. 

The  4  escudo  gold  piece,  by  United  States  mint  assay,  weighs 
207.84  grains,  is  844  fine,  and  is  worth  $7.555. 

Egypt. 

Since  1871  the  metric  system  has  been  legal. 

Length. — 4  kerats  make  1  abdat. 

3  abdats      "      1  kadam. 

2  kadam     "      1  derah,  deraa,  or  pic. 

4  derahs      "      1  gasab. 

Of  the  derah  there  are  six  different  kinds,  as  follows :  The  Nile 
pic  =  0.2545  metre  ;  the  native  pic  (derah  baladi)  =  0.5682  me- 
tre; the  Constantinople  pic  (derah  Istambuli)  =  0.6691  metre; 
the  cloth  pic  (derah  hendazeh)  =  0.6479  metre ;  the  builder's  pic 
(derah  meimari)  =  0.7500  metre  ;  the  itinerary  or  road-measure 
pic  =0.7389  metre. 

The  derah  Istambuli  =26.34  inches. 

Ancient  measures  were  the  natural  cubit,  17.71  inches,  and 
the  royal  cubit,  20.66  inches. 

Road  Measure. — For  the  itinerary  derah  or  pic,  see  table  of 
length. 

2  baah        make  1  cassaba  (equal  to  5  derahs). 
600  cassabas     "       1  mill,  =  1.148  miles,  or  1.847  kil- 
ometres. 

3  mili  "       1  farsakh  or  league. 

4  farsakh       "       1  baride. 

. ,  tt         j  safar  yome,  of  which  2-|  make ) 

( 1°  of  the  meridian  =  60  mili.  f 

Surface. — Land  is  partly  measured  by  the  squares  of  the  derah 
meimari,  and  of  the  cassaba.  (The  cassaba,  in  length,  =  3.55 
metres.) 

The  feddan  =  333^  square  cassabas,  and  is  divided  hi  to  24 
k6rat.  Value  of  feddan,  1.038  acres,  or  42.008  ares. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  guirbeh  =  70.4467  quarts,  or  66|  li- 
tres. 


EGYPT.  29 

Dry  Measure. — 

2  kerat  make  1  kharroubah. 

2  kharroubah  "  1  thoumn-kaddah. 

2  thoumn-kaddah  "  1  roub-kaddah. 

2  roub-kaddah  "  1  nisf-kaddah. 

2  nisf-kaddah  "  1  kaddah,  =  1.735   quarts, 

or  1.91  litres. 

2  kaddah  "  1  malouah. 

2  malouah  "  1  roubouh,  or  rob. 

2  roubouh  "  1  kele. 

2  kele"  "  1  ouebeh. 

6  ouebeh  "  1  ardeb,  =  2.603  bushels,  or 
91.72  litres. 

These  values  are  from  the  report  of  the  United  States  Com- 
missioners to  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1867.  Other  authorities 
give  the  ardeb  =  5.1648  bushels,  and  the  ardeb  of  Alexandria  = 
7.6907  bushels. 

Weights. — 4  kamha  make  1  ke"rat. 

24  kerat         "      1  darhim  or  drachm,  =  47.73  grains, 

or  3.0929  grammes. 
400  darhims  make  1  oke,  oka,  or  occa,  =  2.7275  Ibs., 

or  1.237  kilogrammes. 
144  darhims  make  1  rotl,  or  rottolo  =  0.9819  pound, 

or  445.41  grammes. 
100  rotl  make  1  cantaro  =  98.19  Ibs. 

The  harsela,  used  for  weighing  silk,  is  the  oke.  The  darhim, 
when  used  for  weighing  gold,  silver,  or  gems,  is  also  known  as  the 
mitkal  or  metical. 

Money. — 40  paras  make  1  piastre.  As  a  money  of  account, 
the  Egyptian  dollar  of  20  piastres  now  rates  in  United  States  cus- 
loms  at  $1.0039.  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  1874.) 


30 


ENGLAND. 


COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Vain*. 

Bedidlik,  or  100-piastre  piece.  Legal  rate. 
"                                "       U.  S.  mint 

Gold. 

131.761 
132.00 

875 
875 

$4.9690 
4.9740 

it 

658S1 

875 

2.4845 

g()           4t                      »                         U                 tl 

n 

875 

0  9940 

5      "           "             "         "  Very  rare.. 
Tallari  or  dollar,  20  piastres.    Legal  rate. 
Half-tallari,          10 
Quarter"              5       "              "      " 
1  piastre,                                        "      " 

Silver. 

U 

64(54 
429.591 
214.796 
107.398 
20.883 
19  200 

875 
833* 
688* 
833* 
750 
755 

0.2475 
0.9900 
0.495 
0.2475 
0.0475 
0  0400 

1       «                       Lo.^al  rate  

H 

10.441 

750 

0.0248 

11 

5.221 

750 

0  0124 

Piastre  (40  paras)        "        "    
20-para  piece               "       "    

Copper. 

799.41)0 
899.745 

0.0495 
0.0248 

(C 

199.872 

0  0124 

5    «        »                  «       "    

H 

99.936 

0.0062 

England.     See  GREAT  BRITAIN. 
Fayal.     See  AZORES. 
Finland*     See  RUSSIA. 
Formosa.     See  CHINA. 

France  (including  CORSICA).  Colonial  Possessions :  ALGERIA, 
SENEGAL,  ISLE  OP  BOURBON,  ISLAND  OP  ST.  MARIE  near  MADA- 
GASCAR, PONDICHERRY  and  other  towns  in  INDIA,  several  of 
the  WEST  INDIA  ISLANDS,  FRENCH  GUIANA  or  CAYENNE,  the 
ISLANDS  of  ST.  PIERRE  and  MIQUELON  near  NEWFOUNDLAND, 
the  MARQUESAS  ISLANDS,  and  NEW  CALEDONIA. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  originated  in 
France,  just  before  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  All  its 
units  are  derived  from  the  unit  of  length. 

Length. — The  unit  here  is  the  metre,  which  was  intended  to 
represent  the  ten-millionth  part  of  the  distance  from  the  equator 
to  the  pole,  measured  over  the  surface  of  the  earth.  It  slightly 
varies  from  this,  however,  and  can  therefore  be  regarded  only  aa 
a  unit  of  length  represented  by  a  bar  of  platinum  in  Paris,  meas- 


FRANCE.  81 

ared  at  the  temperature  of  melting  ice  (0°  Centigrade,  or  32* 
Fahrenheit). 

10,000  metres  make  1  myriametre,=      6.214  miles. 
1,000       "          "      1  kilometre,    =      0.6214  " 
100       "          "      1  hectometre,  =  328.09     feet. 
10       "          "      1  decametre,  =    32.809     " 

The  metre  =  39.37079  inches. 

1  metre  equals  10  decimetres.     Decimetre  =  3.937079  inches. 
1     "        "       100  centimetres.   Centimetre  =  0.3937          " 
1     "        "   1,000  millimetres.    Millimetre  =  0.03937        " 

Surface. — Squares  of  the  metre  and  its  derivatives  are  used. 
Also  the  are,  equal  to  a  square  of  ten  metres  to  the  side. 

100  ares,  or  10,000  square  metres,  make  1  hectare  =  2.4714 
acres. 

The  are  of  100  square  metres  =  1076.43  square  feet. 

The  -j^nj  of  an  are,  1  sq.  metre,  is  the  centare  =  1550.06  square 
inches. 

Capacity. — The  litre  is  the  unit  for  both  wet  and  dry  measure, 
and  equals  one  cubic  decimetre. 

10,000  litres  make  lmyrialitre,=  2641.8         U.  S.  gallons. 
1,000     "         "      1  kilolitre,    =    264.18  "         " 

100     "         "      1  hectolitre,  =      26.418        "         " 
10     "        "      1  decalitre,  =        2.6418      "        " 

The  litre  =  1.05672  quarts,  U.  S.  measure, 
1  litre  equals  10  decilitres.   Decilitre  =0.211344  pint,  "         " 
1    "        "     100  centilitres.  Centilitre=0.02113      "     "         " 
1    "        "  1,000  millilitres.  Millilitre  =  0.002113  "     " 

In  dry  measure  the  kilolitre  =  28.3782  F.  S.  bushels  ;  the  hec- 
tolitre =  2.83782  bushels  ;  the  decalitre  =  1.13513  pecks  ;  the 
litre  =  0.227  half-peck,  and  so  on.  In  measuring  wood  and  coal 
the  kilolitre  is  known  as  the  stere,  the  myrialitre  as  the  decastere, 
and  the  hectolifre  as  the  decistere. 

Weight. — The  standard  of  weight  is  the  gramme,  which  repre- 
sents the  weight  of  one  cubic  centimetre  of  distilled  water  at  its 
maximum  density. 


FRANCE. 


AvoirdupoU 

1,000,000  grammes  make  1  millier  or  tonneau,  =  2204.62         Ibs. 


100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 


1  quintal,  =    220.462 

"      1  myriagramme,        =      22.0462       " 
"      1  kilogramme,  =        2.20462      " 

"      1  hectogramme,         =        3.52739     oz. 
"      1  decagramme,          =       0.35274     " 

The  gramme  —  15.432349  grains. 

1  gramme  equals    10  decigrammes.     Decigramme  =1.543235  " 
1        "  "     100  centigrammes.  Centigrammer=-0.15432     " 

1        "  "  1,000  milligrammes.   Milligramme  =0.01543    " 

The  "  Systeme  Usuel,"  interdicted  since  1840,  was  a  popular 
compromise  between  the  ancient  system  and  the  present  one.  In 
it,  the  metre  was  divided  into  two  pieds  or  feet  of  twelve  pouces 
each.  Two  metres  made  one  toise,  and  twelve  decimetres,  one 
aune  or  ell.  In  weights,  the  livre  or  pound  of  500  grammes  was 
divided  into  two  marcs,  sixteen  onces,  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  gros,  and  nine  thousand  two  hundred  and  sixteen  grains. 
The  ancient  Trench  pied-de-roi  was  equal  to  12.79  inches  ;  six  of 
these  pieds  made  one  toise,  and  two  thousand  toises  one  lieue-de- 
poste,  or  league.  The  ancient  pound  (poids-de-marce)  previous  to 
1795  was  equal  to  1.0793  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

Money. — 10  centimes  make  1  decime  ;  10  decimes  make  1  franc. 
The  theoretical  value  of  the  franc  in  United  States  money  is 
$0.1945.  The  value  recognized  in  United  States  custom  rates  ia 
$0.193. 

COIN  TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

100-franc 
50    " 
20    " 
20    " 
10    " 
5    " 
Louis  (Toi 

5-franc  ] 
2-franc 
assay.  . 

piece.    Legal  rate  

Gold. 

H 

H 

Silver. 

M 

497.742 

248.871 
99.548 
99.360 
49.774 

24.882 

900 
900 
900 
899 
900 
900 

$19.2955 
9.6478 
8.8591 
8.8470 
1.9296 
0.9648 
4.6604 
8.8258 
0.9726 
0.9600 
0.3890 

0.3560. 

It                    11             It 

"    By  U.  S.  mint  assay.  .  . 
"        Legal  rate  

•  1785 

1810  to  1840 

>iece.    Legal  rate  

385.750 
384.000 
154.320 

153.600 

900 
900 
835 

835 

"         By  U.  8.  mint  assay.  . 
"         Legal  rate  

"     1867-'8.    By  U.  8.  mint 

FRANKFORT-  ON-  TEE-MAINE. 


33 


COIN  TABLE. — Continued.    . 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Franc,  weight  5  grammes.    Legal  rate  . 
Piece  of  50  centimes.                "         4i 
"      "  20          "                       "          " 
"      "  10 
"      "    5          u                       "          " 
"      "    2          "                       ••          " 

U           U        J                   U                                            tl                  U 

Silver. 
u 

H 

Bronze. 

u 

77.160 
88.580 
15.432 
154.320 
77.160 
80.864 
15.432 

885 

885 
835 

$0.1945 
0.0972 
0.0389 
0.0195 
0.0097 
0.0039 
0.00195 

Equivalent  in  value  to  the  French  franc  are  the  francs  of 
Switzerland  and  Belgium,  the  lira  of  Italy,  the  peseta  of  Spain, 
and  the  drachma  of  Greece.  These  should  weigh  5  grammes 
apiece,  the  minor  silver  coinage  being  proportionately  heavy. 
Several  of  the  South  American  states  now  have  silver  pesos  or  dol- 
lars weighing  25  grammes,  and  equivalent  to  the  5-franc  piece  of 
France.  Of  the  bronze  coins,  whose  weights  in  the  above  table 
are  given  in  grains,  the  weight  of  each  one  is  represented  in 
grammes  by  the  number  of  centimes ;  10  centimes  weighing  10 
grammes,  and  so  on  downward. 

Frankfort-on-the-Main.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 12  linien  make  1  zoll ;  12  zoll  make  1  werkschuh  or 
fuss.  This  fuss  =  11.205  inches.  The  elle  =  21.55  inches.  Sur- 
veyors use  a  fuss  (feldfuss)  of  14.006  English  inches.  This  is 
decimally  divided  into  10  zoll  or  100  linien.  10  feldfuss  make  1 
ruthe. 

Surface. — The  morgen  =  16,000  square  feldfuss  =  0.5004  acre. 

Liquid  Mea&ure. — 4  eichmass,  or  4£  neumass  =  1  viertel ;  20 
viertel  =  1  ohm  ;  6  ohm  =  1  fuder.  The  viertel  =  1.8945  gal- 
lons. The  mass  is  divided  into  4  schoppen. 

Dry  Measure. — 4  schrott  =  1  masschen;  4  masschen  =  1  ge- 
Bcheid ;  4  gescheid  =  1  sechter ;  2  sechter  =  1  metze  ;  2  metzen 
s=  1  simmer  ;  4  simmer  =  1  malter  or  achtel. 

The  malter  =  3.25626  bushels. 

Weights. — 2  heller  =  1  pfennig ;  4  pfennige  =  1  quentchen  ; 
4  quentchen  =  1  loth ;  2  loth  =  1  unze ;  8  unzen  =  1  mark ;  2 


34  FRENCH  GUINA. 

mark  =  1  pfund.  There  were  in  Frankfort  two  different  pfunds, 
this  one  (=  1.114073  Ibs.  avoirdupois)  being  about  8  per  cent 
heavier  than  the  other.  Apothecary  weight  has  been  long  uniform 
throughout  all  Germany. 

Money. — 2  heller  or  pfennige  =  1  kreuzer  ;  4  kreuzer  =  1 
batzen  ;  15  batzen  =  1  gulden  or  florin  ;  !•£  florins  or  90  kreuzer  = 
1  thaler.  The  .former  gulden  (1837)  was  worth  $0.4126.  In 
United  States  customs  it  rated  at  40  cents.  The  value  of  the 
former  gold  ducat  was  $2.2876. 

French  Guiana.     See  GUIANA. 

German  Empire.  See  also  BADEN,  BAVARIA,  BREMEN,  BRUNS- 
WICK, COLOGNE,  FRANKFORT,  HAMBURG,  HESSE,  HANOVER,  Lii- 
BECK,  MECKLENBURG,  PRUSSIA,  SAXONY,  and  WURTEMBERG. 

For  old  or  local  systems  of  weights,  measures,  and  coinage,  see 
these  various  headings.  Recently  the  metric  system  has  been 
adopted  as  the  lawful  system  of  Germany,  with  merely  some  trifling 
modifications. 

Length. — The  meter  or  stab,  zentimeter  or  new  zoll,  millimeter 
or  s'trich. 

Surface. — The  ar  and  hektar. 

Capacity. — The  liter  or  kanne,  the  hektoliter  or  fass.  50  liters 
make  1  scheffel ;  •£  liter  is  called  a  schoppen. 

Weight. — The  kilogramme,  of  2  pfund ;  the  dekagramme  or 
neu-loth  ;  dezigramme,  zentigramme,  and  milligramme.  50  kilo- 
grammes make  1  zentner ;  1,000  kilogrammes  make  1  tonne. 

For  the  values  of  the  above  measures  and  weights,  see  the  tables 
given  under  FRANCE. 

Under  the  Zollverein  the  weights  were  a  zollpfund  of  30  zoll- 
loth,  =  500  grammes  or  -£•  kilogramme ;  the  zollcentner  of  100 
zollpfund ;  the  zollstein  of  2  zollcentner.  The  miinzpfund,  used 
for  gold  and  silver,  and  divided  into  10,000  ass,  also  equaled  500 
grammes. 

Throughout  Germany  the  apothecaries  have  used  the  apothe- 
cary weights  of  Niirnberg,  or  Nuremberg.  The  pfund  of  this  sys- 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


35 


tern  is  subdivided  exactly  as  in  English  apothecaries'  weight,  and 
equals  0.788974  Ib.  avoirdupois. 

Money. — The  present  standard  is  the  mark  of  3  of  a  thaler. 
In  United  States  customs  it  now  rates  -at  $0.2382.  The  vereins- 
thaler  equals  -£$  of  a  miinzpfund  of  fine  silver,  and  in  Northern 
Germany  is  divided  into  30  silbergroschen.  In  Southern  Germany 
the  florin  or  gulden  rates  52£  to  the  miinzpfund  of  fine  silver,  and 
is  divided  into  60  kreuzer. 

COIN  TABLE.     (See  also  the  various  German  States.) 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Ten-thaler  piece.    By  U.  S.  mint  assay.  . 
Vereinskrone.    Should    weigh    just   10 

Gold. 

204.960 
154320 

896 
900 

$7.9000 
6  6462 

Vereinskrone.    By  U.  8.  mint  assay..  .  . 

M 

900 

6  6420 

Half-krone.    Weight  5  grammes  

77  i  60 

900 

8  8231 

20  marks      Le^al  rate.                       . 

122  880 

900 

4  7620 

Double  vereinsthaler,  3f  gulden  
Veveinsthaler.    Legal  rate  

Silver. 

900 
900 

1.4409 
0  7204 

"               By  IT.  8.  mint  assay  
Thaler,  before  1857.    Legal  rate  

285.600 

900 

0.7140 

0.7220 

"          "         "        By  U.  8.  mint  assay 
Gulden  or  florin  of  South  Germany  be- 
fore 1857         

II 

341.760 

750 

0.7120 
0  4126 

Gulden  or  florin  of  South  Germany  since 

1857 

(i 

0  4117 

Gulden  or  florin  of  South  Germany  since 
1857.    By  U.  S.  mint  assay.  .  .  . 

<l 

163  200 

900 

0  408 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. — Colonial  Possessions:  HELGO- 
LAND, GIBRALTAR,  MALTA  and  Gozo,  in  EUROPE  ;  GAMBIA,  SI- 
ERRA LEONE,  parts  of  the  GOLD  COAST,  CAPE  COLONY,  NATAL, 
the  islands  of  FERNANDO  Po,  ST.  HELENA,  MAURITIUS,  and  the 
SEYCHELLES,  in  AFRICA  ;  ADEN,  BRITISH  INDIA,  parts  of  FAR- 
THER INDIA,  CEYLON,  PENANG,  MALACCA,  SINGAPORE,  LABUAN, 
and  HONG-KONG,  in  ASIA;  CANADA,  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  NOVA 
SCOTIA,  PRINCE  EDWARD'S  ISLAND,  NEWFOUNDLAND,  LABRADOR, 
HUDSON'S  BAY  TERRITORY,  BALIZE,  most  of  the  WEST  INDIA 
ISLANDS,  BERMUDAS,  GUIANA,  and  FALKLAND  ISLANDS,  in  AMER- 
ICA; AUSTRALIA,  TASMANIA,  NEW  ZEALAND,  NORFOLK  ISLAND, 
AUCKLAND  ISLANDS,  and  the  FEEJEE  ISLANDS,  in  POLYNESIA. 


86          GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

Length. — 3    barleycorns  make  1  inch. 

12    inches  "      1  foot  =  0.3047  metre. 

3  feet  "      1  yard  =  0.91438  metre. 
5£  yards                         "      1  rod,  perch,  or  pole. 

4  poles  or  100  links     "      1  chain. 
10    chains  "      1  furlong. 

8    furlongs  "      1  mile  =  1.6093  kilom'rs. 

The  old  Scotch  mile  was  1|,  and  the  old  Irish  mile  l-fr  English 
miles. 

A  line  =  -fa  inch.   A  nail  =  2£  inches  (cloth  measure).    A  palm 
—  3  inches.    A  hand  (in  measuring  height  of  horses)  =  4  inches. 
A  span  =  9,  a  cubit  18,  a  Scotch  ell  37.06,  and  an  English  ell 
45  inches.    A  fathom  is  6  feet,  and  a  cable's  length  120  fathoms. 
A  league  =  3  miles.     A  degree  of  the  equator  =  69.1613  miles, 
and  a  degree  of  meridian  =  69,046  miles. 
Surface. — 
144  square  inches  make  1  square  foot,  =  9.29  sq.  decimetres. 

9       "       feet        "       1       "    yard,  =  0.836  sq.  metre. 
30i     "      yards      "       1       "     rod. 
16       "      rods        "       1  chain. 
40       "         "  "       1  rood. 

4  roods  "       1  acre,  or  43,560  square  feet. 

640  acres  "      1  square  mile,  =  259  hectares. 

The  acre  =  0.405  hectare. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  imperial  gallon  is  here  taken  as  the 
standard,  and  defined  as  the  bulk  of  ten  pounds  of  distilled 
water  at  the  temperature  of  62°  Fahr.  Its  cubic  capacity  is 
277.274  cubic  inches.  The  gallon  of  the  United  States  is  231  cu- 
bic niches ;  the  old  corn-gallon  contained  268.8,  and  the  old  beer- 
gallon  282. 

Wine  Measure. — 

4  gills     make    1  pint,     =  0.567932  litre. 
2  pints        "       1  quart,  =  1.135864  litres. 
4  quarts      "       1  gallon,  ==  4.543458  litres. 
86  gallons     "       1  tierce. 
64      "          "       1  hogshead. 
108      "         "       1  pipe,  butt,  or  puncheon. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.          37 

But  these  larger  measures  are  not  always  to  be  trusted.  In 
practice,  they  are  actually  measured  in  gallons. 

Ale  and  Beer  Measure. — Up  to  the  gallon,  like  wine  measure 

9  gallons        make  1  firkin. 
2  firkins  "      1  kilderkin. 

2  kilderkins       "      1  barrel. 

3  "  "1  hogshead. 
2  hogsheads      "      1  butt. 

2  butts  "     1  tun. 

The  value  of  such  terms  as  barrel,  pipe,  hogshead,  butt,  pun* 
cheon,  tun,  etc.,  varies  with  circumstances.  Thus,  a  hogshead  of 
claret  is  about  46  gallons,  one  of  brandy  55  to  60  gallons.  The 
pipe,  for  different  wines,  ranges  from  90  to  about  120  gallons,  and 
so  on.  These  terms  are  not  rigidly  defined. 

Apothecaries'  Measure. — 

60  minims  make  1  fluid  drachm  (  3  ). 

8  drachms    "      1    "     ounce     ( § ). 
20  ounces       "      1  pint. 

8  pints         "      1  imperial  gallon. 

Dry  Measure. — Up  to  the  gallon,  the  same  as  in  liquid  mea» 
ure,  the  value  of  the  gallon  being  the  same. 

2  gallons  make  1  peck,     =    9.0865  litres. 

4  pecks       "       1  bushel,  =  36.3460     " 

4  bushels    "       1  coomb. 

2  coombs    "       1  quarter,  =  8  busliels. 

5  quarters  "       1  wey  or  load,  =  40  bushels. 
2  weys        "       1  last,  —  80  bushels. 

A  strike  is  2  bushels.    A  pottle  is  half  a  gallon. 

Ciibic  Capacity  in  general. — A  cubic  foot=  1,728  cubic  inches 
A  cubic  yard  =  27  cubic  feet. 

42  cubic  feet  make  1  shipping  ton  (British). 

Weight. — The  standard  is  the  pound,  which  is  divided  into 
7,000  grains.  These  grains  are  of  equal  value  in  all  the  following 
tables : 

4 


38 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


Avoirdupois  Weight. — 

16  drachms  make  1  ounce  (oz.),  =    28.35  grammes. 

16  ounces  "  1  pound  (lb.),  =  453.6        " 

14  pounds  "  1  stone. 

2  stone  "  1  quarter  (qr.),  28  pounds. 

4  quarters  "  1  hundred- weight  (cwt.),  112  pounda 

20  hundred-weight   "  1  ton,  2,240  pounds. 

Troy  Weight.— 

24  grains  make  1  pennyweight  (dwt.). 

20  pennyweights      "      1  ounce,  =480  grs.,  or  31.15  gram'es. 
12  ounces  "       1  pound,  =  5,760  "    or  373.76   " 

By  this  scale,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  and  some  gems  are 
weighed.  Pearls  and  diamonds  are  weighed  by  the  carat  of  4 
grains ;  5  diamond  grains  being  equal  to  4  grains  troy. 

Apothecaries'  Weight. — 
20  grains     make  1  scruple. 

3  scruples     "       1  drachm. 

8  drachms    "       1  ounce  j  Same  as  in  troy  weight,  as  is  also 
12  ounces       "       1  pound  |  the  grain. 


These  weights  are  used  in  compounding  prescriptions, 
gists  buy  by  avoirdupois. 
Money. — 

4  farthings  make  1  penny. 
12  pence          "      1  shilling. 

20  shillings      "      1  pound  or  sovereign,  =  $4.8666. 
In  United  States  custom-houses  it  rates  at  $4.84. 

COIN   TABLE. 


Drug- 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Pound  or  sovereign.    Legal  rate  

Gold 

123.147 

916 

$4.8666 

Pound.    Newly  coined.    By  U.  S.  mint 
assay  

• 

123.264 

916* 

4.8650 

Pound.    Average  worn.    By  U.  S.  mint 
assay  ,. 

u 

123024 

916J 

4  8560 

Half-sovereign.    Legal  rate  

K 

61  574 

916 

2.4383 

GREECE. 
COIN  TABLE. — Continued. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

fineness. 

Value. 

od 
P 
fi- 
ll 
Crowr 
Half-c 
Florin 
Bhiffln 

assa 
Shillin 
assa 
Sixpei 
Fourp 
Three 
Twop< 
Penny 
Penny 
Halfpt 
Fartln 

Moidore        —  27  shillings.. 

Gold. 

Si  ver. 
Bronze. 

H 

Carolus         —  23        " 

Guinea         =  21        " 
Mark             —  13s.  4d..     .. 

Half-guinea  —  10s  6d 

Angel            —  10  shillings 

Seven-shilling  piece..        

Noble  -  fis.  Bd... 

,  5  shillings  

435.897 
217.948 
174.359 
87.179 

87.600 

85.440 
43..5S9, 
~21t.0«0~ 
21.794 
14.530 
7.265 

925 
925 
925 
925 

924f 

925 
925 
925 
925 
925 
925 

$1.1105 
0.5552 
0.4522    ^S 
0.2261  ^' 

0.225ft 

0.2190 
0.1130 
0.0728 
0.0565 
0.0377 
0.0188  <*f 
0.0188 
0.0094 
0.0047 

rown        

2  shillings 

Newly  coined.    By  U.  8.  mint 

y. 

g.   Average  worn.   By  U.  8.  mint 

y  

ice  or  tester.    Legal  rate  

ence,  or  groat.                    

:>nce.                                    

;nny.                                 

n<r                                                                      

Greece. 

The  present  system  of  weights  and  measures  is  chiefly  metric. 

Length. — Formerly  there  were  two  piki,  one  for  silks  of  25 
English  inches,  another  for  linen  and  woolens  of  27  inches.  The 
present  piki  is  the  metre,  with  the  usual  subdivisions.  The  kilo- 
metre is  called  stadion.  In  ancient  Greece  the  foot  was  equal  to 
11.81  English  inches;  the  cubit  was  1-J  feet,  the  stadium*was  400 
cubits. 

Capacity. — The  litra,  or  litre ;  the  kailon,  or  hectolitre.  The 
former  staro  of  3  bachels  was  equal  to  2.54835  bushels. 

Weight. — 400  drachms  or  44  oke  make  1  cantaro.  In  different 
places  the  cantaro  has  different  values,  ranging  from  112  to  128  Ibs. 

The  gramme  is  known  as  the  drachme,  the  kilogramme  as 
mina,  and  1£  kilogrammes  as  talanton. 

Money. — 106  lepta  or  centimes  make  1  drachme  or  franc.  The 
drachme  is  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  French  franc,  and  rates  in 
the  United  States  at  $0.193.  Formerly  its  value  was  only  $0.1761. 


*Q  GREENLAND. 

In  gold,  the  20-drachme  piece,  by  United  States  mint  assay,  is 
900  fine,  weighs  88.8  grains,  and  is  worth  $3.442. 

The  silver  6-drachme  piece,  by  the  same  authority,  is  900  fine, 
weighs  345.12  grains,  and  is  worth  $0.863. 

The  true  value  of  the  present  coinage  is,  of  course,  somewhat 
higher. 

Greenland*    See  DENMARK. 
Grenada.     See  WEST  INDIES. 
Guadeloupe*     See  WEST  INDIES. 
Guatemala.     See  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 
Guiana,  British.     See  ENGLAND.  * 
Guiana,  French.     See  FRANCE. 
Guiana,  Dutch.     See  NETHERLANDS, 

Guinea. 

Length.— The  jaktan  =  4  yards,  or  12  feet. 

Weight. — 2  media-tabla  =  1  agtrirage  ;  2  agtrirages  =  1  piso 
or  uzan ;  4  piso&  =  1  benda-offa  ;  2  benda-offas  =:  1  benda.  3 
media-tabla  make  1  quinto ;  6  media-tabla  1  seron ;  10f  media- 
tabla  1  eggeba.  The  media-tabla  =  31.02  grains  troy.  The  akey 
is  a  weight  of  20.03  grains.  The  rotl  =  0.9538  Ib.  avoirdupois. 

Money. — Reckoning  is  mostly  in  dollars. 

Hamburg.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length.— %  achtel  =  1  zoll ;  12  zoll  =  1  fuss  ;  2  fuss  =  1  elle. 
The  fuss  =  11.27  inches.  Surveyors  use  the  Rheinfuss  (12.357 
inches)  decimally  divided. 

Road  Meaxwe. — The  meile  of  24,000  Rhenish  feet  is  equal  to 
4.68  miles. 

Surface. — Themorgen  =  117,600  square  fuss,  =  2,3852  acres. 

Liquid  Measure. — 2  ossel  =  1  quartier ;  2  quartier  =  1  kanne ; 
2  kannen  =  1  stiibchen ;  2  stiibchen  =  1  viertel ;  5  viertel  =  1 
anker ;  4  anker  =  1  ahm ;  6  ahm  =  1  fuder.  The  eimer  =  4 


EANO  VER.  41 

viertel ;   the  tonne  =  24  viertel ;  the  oxhoft  =  30  viertel.     The 
riertel  =  1.90737  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — 4  spinten  =  1  himt ;  2  himt  =  1  fass  ;  2  fass  = 

1  scheffel ;  10  scheffel  =  1  wispel ;  3  wispel  =  1  last.    The  scheffel 
=  2.98811  bushels. 

Weight. — 4  pfennige  =  1  quentchen ;  4  quentchen  =  1  loth ; 

2  loth  =  1   unze ;  8  unzen  =  1  mark ;  2  mark  =  1   pfund ;  14 
pfund  =  1  liespfund ;  20  liespfund  =  1  schiffpfund.    The  pfund  = 
1.067886  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

Money. — 12  pfennige  =  1  schilling;  16  schilling  =  1  mark;  '3 
mark  =  1  rixdollar.  This  mark  =  $0.2972 ;  old  United  States 
customs  rate  $0.28.  34  marks  are  coined  from  the  Cologne  mark 
(3,608  troy  grains)  of  fine  silver.  Banco  is  an  imaginary  value 
of  account,  in  which  the  Cologne  mark  is  divided  into  27f  marks 
banco.  The  mark  banco  =  $0.3642  ;  old  United  States  customs 
rate,  $0.35. 

The  gold  ducat  =  $2.2715. 

Hanover*     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 12  linien  or  8  achtel  =  1  zoll ;  12  zoll  =  1  fuss ;  2 
fuss  =  1  elle  ;  8  ellen  =  1  ruthe.  The  fuss  =  11.496  inches. 

Road  Measure. — The  meile  of  25.400  fuss  =  4.6086  miles. 

Surface. — 60  square  ruthen  =  1  vorling ;  2  vorling  =  1  morgen 
of  Calenberg.  Also,  1£  drohn  =  1  morgen  of  Calenberg.  This 
morgen  =  0.6472  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 2  nossel  =  1  quartier ;  2  quartier  —  1  kan- 
ne ;  2  kannen  =  1  stiibchen ;  2  stiibchen  =  1  viertel ;  5  viertel  = 

1  anker ;  4  anker  =  1  ahm ;  6  ahm  =  1  fuder.      8  viertel  =  1 
eimer  ;  30  viertel  =  1  oxhoft. 

The  viertel  =  2.07198  gallons.  For  beer,  26  stiibchen  ==  1 
tonne ;  4  tonnen  =  1  fass. 

Dry  Measure. — 4  vierfass  or  3  drittel  =  1  himt ;  6  himt  =  1 
malter ;  8  malter  =  1  wispel ;  2  wispel  =  1  last.  The  malter  = 
5.30559  bushels. 

Weight. — 4  ortchen  =  1  quentchen  ;  4  quentchen  =  1  loth 

2  loth  =  1  unze ;  8  unzen  =  1  mark ;  2  mark  =  1  pfund.     The 
pfund  =  1.079444  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 


12  HAWAII. 

Money. — The  thaler  of  24  gute  grosehen.  The  former  silver 
thaler  was  worth  $0.722.  The  former  gold  Louis  d'or,Wilhehn  d'or, 
or  pistole,  =  $3.9593. 

Hawaii.     See  SANDWICH  ISLANDS, 
Hayti.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Hesse-Cassel.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 12  linien=l  zoll;  12  zoll  =  1  fuss  (waldfuss  or 
standard  foot).  This  fuss  =  11.324  inches.  The  landfuss  or 
surveyor's  foot  =  11.217  inches.  2  landfass  =  1  elle;  7  ellen  = 
I  ruthe, 

Surface. — The  acker  (of  29,400  sq.  landfass)  =  0.5897  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 4  schoppen  =  1  mass  ;  4  mass  =  1  viertel ; 
20  viertel  =  1  ohm ;  6  ohm  =  1  fuder.  The  mass  for  wine  = 
0.52423  gallon;  for  beer,  0.57667  gallon. 

Dry  Measure. — 1  masschen  =  metze ;  4  metzen  =  1  himt ;  2 
himt  =  1  scheffel.  The  scheffel  =  2.3  bushels. 

Weight. — 4  quentchen  =  1  loth ;  2  loth  =  1  unze ;  16  unzen 
=  1  pfund.  The  pfund  =  1.067534  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

Por  apothecaries'  weight,  see  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Money. — The  former  gold  pistole  or  Wilhelm  <Tor,  value  5  tha- 
ler, =  $3.9822.  Modern  pistole  or  Friedrich-Wilhelm  d'or  = 
$4.009.  Silver  as  in  Hesse-Darmstadt. 

Hesse-Darmstadt*     (System  of  1821.)    See  also  GERMAN  EM- 
PIRE. 
Length. — The  fuss,  =  J  metre  or  9.8427  Inches,  is  divided 

decimally  into  10  zoll  of  10  linien  each.     10  fuss  make  1  klafter. 

The  elle  =  £  metre. 

Surface. — 40,000  square  fuss  or  4  viertel  make  1  morgen,  = 

0.6178  acre. 

Solid. — The  stecken  for  wood  =  100  cubic  fuss,  or  55.177  cu- 
bic feet. 

Liquid  Measure. — 4  schoppen  =  1  mass ;  4  mass  ==  1  viertel ; 

20  viertel  =  1  ohm  ;  6  ohm  =  1  fuder.    The  schoppen  =  £  litra 

or  0.52836  quart. 


HUNGARY. 


43 


Dry  Measure. — 4  masschen  =  1  gescheid ;  4  gescheid  =  1 
kiimpf ;  4  kiimpf  =  1  simmer  ;  4  simmer  =  1  malter.  The  mass- 
chen =  •£  litre,  or  0.001419  bushel.  The  raalter  =  36.326  bushels. 
For  lime,  the  kalkbiitte  =  10  cubic  fuss,  or  5.5177  cubic  feet. 

Weight. — 4  richtpfennig  =  1  quentchen ;  4  quentchen  =  1 
loth  ;  32  loth  =  1  pfund ;  100  pfund  =  1  centner.  The  pfund  = 
600  grammes,  or  1.1023  Ibs. 

Before  1821  the  weights  and  measures  were  those  of  Frank- 
fort. 

Money. — Florins  or  gulden,  of  60  kreuzer,  of  4  pfennig. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Fineness. 

Valuo. 

Gold. 

$4.0371 

"       Karolin  

4  9920 

Vereinszweithalerstucke.    2-thaler  

Silver. 

900 

1  4409 

Vereinsthaler     If-^ulden                            

900 

0  7204 

2-GuIdenstiicke  

u 

900 

0  8234 

Gulden,  or  florin  

ti 

900 

0  4117 

f-GuIden  . 

H 

900 

0  2058 

Billon. 

0  0720 

8            "                

0  0360 

1            "                     .                           

u 

0  0120 

Pfenni01 

Conner 

0  0080 

Hindostan.     See  INDIA. 
Holland.     See  NETHERLANDS 
Honduras.     See  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Hungary*     See  AUSTRIA. 

There  are  some  local  weights  and  measures,  and  some  local 
variations  from  general  standards.  In  length,  the  arsin  =  23.01084 
inches,  and  the  stab  =  5.18565  feet.  For  liquids,  the  fass  =• 
62.545  gallons  ;  and  the  eimer  varies  from  15.03  gallons  in  Lower, 
to  19.37  gallons  in  Upper  Hungary. 

The  metze  =  1.77354  bushels.  The  oka  is  a  weight  of  from 
2.78  to  3.082  pounds. 


44  ICELAND. 

Iceland.     See  DENMARK. 
The  alen  =  22.47  inches. 

India,  British.     The  PRESIDENCIES  of  BENGAL,  MADRAS,  and 
BOMBAY. 

India,  French.     PONDICHERRY  and  other  minor  cities. 
India,  Portuguese.     GOA  and  other  cities. 

For  FARTHER  INDIA,  see  BIRMAH,  ANNAM,  SIAM,  and  MALACCA. 
See  also  CEYLON. 

Originally,  the  weights  and  measures  of  India  were  extremely 
discordant,  every  petty  state  or  city  having  its  own  system.     For 
present  purposes  only  the  chief  headings  can  be  given,  taking  first 
the  three  Presidencies  in  their  order. 
1.  BENGAL  (CALCUTTA). 

Length. — 3  jows  or  barleycorns  make  1  unglee. 
4  unglees  or  fingers         "      1  moot. 
3  moots  or  hands  "      1  span. 

2  spans  make  1  cubit,  covid,  or  haut  =  18  inches. 
2  covids    "      1  gez,   guz,   or    yard,  =  36  inches,  or 

0.914  metre. 
2  guz    make   1  fathom. 

Another  table  divides  the  haut  or  covid  into  8  gheria  of  9  jaob 
each.  The  guz  of  Patna  =  42.5  inches. 

Road  Measure.— The  coss  of  1,000  fathoms  =  1.1364  miles. 
Surface. — 20  square  covid  =  1  chattack ;    16  chattack  —  1 
cottah ;  20  cottah  =  1  biggah.     The  biggah  =  0.3306  acre,  or 
13.38  ares. 

Grains  and  liquids  are  generally  measured  by  weight.  Still, 
some  dry  measures  can  be  given  : 

6  chattack  =  1  khoonke  ;  16  khoonke  =  1  raik ;  4  raik  =  1 
pallie ;  20  pallie  =  1  soallee.  The  soallee  =  2.3378  bushels.  The 
kahoon,  of  42.44  bushels,  represents  2,986f  pounds  weight  of 
grain.  In  the  Mahratta  country  the  koorah  =  4.0615  bushels. 

Weights. — There  are  two  sets  of  values  for  these,  the  factory 
values  and  those  of  the  bazaar.  The  latter  are  ten  per  cent. 
heavier  than  the  former.  The  factory-weights  are  the  ones  given 


INDIA.  45 

6  siccas      make  1  chattack. 
16  chattacks   "      1  seer. 
40  seers  "      1  maund,  =  74.667  Ibs.,  or   33.87 

kilogrammes. 

In  the  Mahratta  country  the  maund  =  26.249  Ibs. ;  and  at  Mai- 
da  it  —  100.45  Ibs.  The  pussaree  is  a  weight  of  10.27  Ibs.,  and 
the  pao  for  grain  =  0.816114  Ib. 

For  gold  and  silver,  the  new  sicca  weight  or  tola  is-  used,  of 
180  grains ;  being  £  grain  heavier  than  the  bazaar  tola.  For  pearls, 
the  ruttee  =  2.825  grains.  At  Delhi  the  ruttee  is  used  for  precious 
metals  and  gems,  and  is  1.25  grains;  another  weight  for  similar 
purposes  being  the  val,  of  5.63  grains.  Still  another  set  of  weights 
for  precious  metals  exists,  as  follows :  2  punko  =  1  nely ;  2  nely 
=  1  dhan  ;  25  dhan  =  1  anna  of  14.04  troy  grains. 

Money. — 12  pies  or  pice  make  1  anna ;  16  annas  make  1  Com- 
pany's rupee  =  $0.46217. 

The  sicca  rupee  is  worth  slightly  more  than  the  old  rupee, 
and  weighs  just  one  new  sicca  or  tola;  80  sicca  rupees,  or  36  cop- 
per annas,  weigh  one  seer.  The  gold  mohur  =  15  sicca  rupees. 

In  United  States  customs  the  Company's  rupee  formerly  rated 
at  44-J  cents ;  the  sicca  rupee  is  now  received  at  $0.4584.  By 
United  States  mint  assays  the  rupee  and  gold  mohur  rank  as  fol- 
lows :  Silver  rupee,  weight  179.52  grains,  916|  fine,  value  $0.457. 
Gold  mohur,  weight  180  grains,  916|  fine,  value  $7.1059. 

2.  MADRAS  PRESIDENCY. 

Length. — The  covid,  cubit,  or  haut,  is  here  very  variable.  At 
Madras  it  is  18.6  inches,  nearly ;  at  Masulipatan  it  is  19.125 
inches ;  and,  at  Mysore,  19.1  inches.  Two  of  these,  at  Mysore, 
make  1  gujah.  At  Travancore  the  kole  =  29.065  inches ;  and  on 
the  Malabar  coast  the  ady  =  10.46  inches. 

Road  Measure. — At  Seringapatam,  the  coss  =  3.6458  miles.  At 
Mysore,  the  hardary  =  2.7344  miles,  and  the  gavada  14.5833 
miles. 

Surface. — 24  maoney  make  1  casseney  or  cawney,  of  240 
square  covid.  At  Madras  the  cawney  =  1.3223  acres  ;  in  the  Car- 
natic  it  is  1.0047  acres. 


48  INDIA. 

Capacity. — 8  ollucks  make  1  puddy. 

8  puddles     "      1  marcal,  —  0.34884  bushel. 
6  marcals    "      1  parah  or  chunam. 
80  parahs      "      1  garce,  =  139.535  bushels. 
At  Masuiipatan  the  marcal  =  0.403  bushel.     At  Mysore  the 
candaca  =  11.13  bushels.     Both  wet  and  dry  measures  are  de- 
termined by  weight. 

Weight. —  10  pagodas  make  1  pollam. 
8  pollams     "      1  seer. 
5  seers          "      1  vis  (visay). 
8  vis  "       1  maund,  =  25  Ibs.,  or  11.34  kil- 

ogrammes. 

20  maunds  make  1  candy,  =  500  Ibs. 

The  candy  (also  called  baruay)  is  485.5  Ibs.  at  Mysore  and 
Seringapatam,  and  695.5  Ibs.  on  the  Malabar  coast.  The  mangal, 
for  pearls,  =  6  grains. 

Money. — Essentially  the  same  as  in  BENGAL.    The  star  pagoda 
formerly  rated  hi  United  States  customs  at  $1.84.     Its  real  value 
is  $1 .9102.    The  gold  mohur  of  Madras  =  $7.0696. 
3.  BOMBAY  PRESIDENCY. 
Length. — 16  tussoos  make  1  hath  or  cubit,  =  18.12  inches. 

24       "          "      1  guz    "  yard,    =27.18       " 
At  Guzerat,  the  guz  =  23^  inches.     The  hath,  haut,  or  covid, 
at  Surat,  =  20.9  inches ;  at  Ahmednuggur,  14  inches. 
Surface. — The  biggah  =  0.6074  acre. 
Capacity. — 16  adoulies  make  1  parah. 

8  parahs       "      1  candy,  =  25  bushels. 
At  Anjar  4  mapp  make  1  shye,  =  0.88243  bushel. 
At  Mangalore  the  mudi  =  1.3019  bushels. 
Weights. — 30  pice  or  72  tanks  make  1  seer. 

40  seers  "      1  maund,  =    28  Ibs. 

20  maunds  "      1  candy,  =  560  " 

At  Surat  the  candy  =  340.16  Ibs. ;  at  Ahmednuggur,  1577.14 
Ibs.  The  maund  is  26.23  Ibs.  at  Anjar,  75.87  Ibs.  at  Aurungabad, 
79.78  Ibs.  in  the  Deccan,  and  39.74  Ibs.  at  Gujerat.  For  pearls. 
the  ruttee  =  9  grains. 


ITALY.  47 

Money. — 100  reas  make  1  quarter. 

4  quarters  or  16  annas  make  1  rupee,  =  $0.46217. 
100,000  is  a  lac,  and  10,000,000  a  crore  of  rupees.     The  gold 
mohur  of  Bombay  =  $7.1061. 

4.  PONDICHERRY. 

The  covid    =18  inches. 

The  garce    =  103.967  bushels. 

The  maund  =  25.9  Ibs.,  the  candy  =  588  04  Ibs. 

For  gold  and  silver,  the  nello  =  0.37  grains. 

The  gold  moon  pagoda  =  $1.6015. 

5.  GOA. 

The  covado  or  cubit  =  26.8  inches. 

The  maund  =  24.75  Ibs. ;  the  candy  or  bahar  =  495  Ibs. 

Portuguese  weights  and  measures  are  somewnat  used. 

Ionian  Islands. 

With  the  exception  of  some  scattered  weights  and  measures 
of  Italian  or  of  Turkish  origin,  the  British  standards  have  been 
adopted. 

Length. — The  Jarda  Ionia  =  1  yard.     The  stadio  =  22  yards. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  dicotoli  =  1  imperial  pint ;  the  gallone 
=  1  imperial  gallon  ;  the  barile  =16  imperial  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — The  chilo  =  1  imperial  bushel. 

Weight. — The  libbra  sottile  =  1  Ib.  troy;  the  libbra  grosso  = 
1  Ib.  avoirdupois  ;  the  centinajo  or  talento  =100  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 
In  old  weights,  the  oke  =  2.6998  Ibs. ;  the  cantaro  =  118.8  Ibs. 

Money. — 104  oboli  =  1  Spanish  dollar. 

Ireland*     See  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Italy. 

For  former  local  systems  of  coinage,  weights,  and  measures, 
see  MODENA,  PARMA,  ROMAN  STATES,  NAPLES,  SARDINIA,  VENETIAN 
LOMBARDY,  and  TUSCANY. 

For  weights  and  measures,  the  French  metric  system  is  em- 
ployed. 

The  monetary  system  is  also  like  that  of  France,  the  lira  being 
the  equivalent  of  the  franc. 


JAMAICA. 


The  present  value  of  the  lira  in  United  States   customs  is 
$0.1930. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

20  lire. 

Legal  rate  

Gold. 

$3  8591 

By  U.  S.  mint  assay  

99  36 

899 

3  8470 

5    " 

Silver 

384  00 

900 

0  9600 

Lira. 

11             U            U              It 

ti 

7680 

835 

0  1780 

Jamaica*     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Japan. 

Length.— The  inc   =  6.25  feet,  or  1.906  metres. 

The  sals  =  11.9291  inches,  or  0.303  metre. 
Capacity. — 5  itchigau      make  1  gonghau. 

2  ghongau         "      1  ischiomasse". 
10  ischiomasse  "      1  ittomasse  (or  sjoo  ?). 
The  itchigau  is  about  1.68  litres,  or  1.775  quarts. 
Weight. —  The  monme  =  27.007  grains.      The  rjoo  =  116| 
grains,  or  7.525  grammes. 

Money. — Gold  and  silver  ingots,  whose  value  varies  with  the 
demand,  are  used  in  circulation*;  also  coins  of  varying  values, 
those  of  brass  and  copper  having  central  holes.  The  chief  value 
in  commerce  now  is  the  yen,  the  equivalent  of  our  trade  dollar, 
and  which  is  received  in  the  United  States  customs  (1874)  at 
$0.997.  The  kobang,  itzebu,  and  itakane,  are  no  longer  coined. 

COIN  TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Kobang.  j  Two   assays   at  U.  8.   mint 
"         j      showing  'variations  

Gold. 

173.76 
138.72 

568 
572 

$4.4400 
8.5760 

20  yen.    By  TJ.  B  mint  assay    .  . 

U 

514.56 

900 

19.9440 

Itakane  -.  

Silver. 

2.9280 

08650 

"          By  U.  8  mint  assay 

H 

183.92 

890 

0.3310 

Yen.         "       "       "       " 

H 

416016 

900 

1.0400 

50  sen.      "       "       "       "       

U 

192.96 

800 

0.4280 

LUBECK.  49 

Java. 

Old  Dutch  weights  and  measures  are  somewhat  in  use.  Other 
weights  and  measures  vary,  having,  perhaps,  one  value  at  Bantam, 
and  another  at  Batavia. 

Length. — The  covid  =  f  of  a  yard.    Other  units  are  old  Dutch. 

Capacity. — The  kanne  =  0.394  gallon.  The  legger,  for  arrack, 
=  160.0  gallons. 

The  bambou,  at  Bantam,  =  0.09223  bushel,  and  the  koyang 
=  147.566  bushels.  At  Batavia  the  koyang  =  62.432  bushels. 
This  measure  is  for  rice. 

Weight. — 10  catties  make  1  gantang  (for  coffee) ;  100  catties 
make  1  pecul.  The  pecul  =  135.6312  pounds.  The  bahar  at 
Bantam  =  396  Ibs.,  that  used  for  pepper  =  406.78  Ibs. ;  at  Bata- 
via its  value  is  610.17  Ibs.  The  timbang,  for  grain,  =  677.9625 
Ibs.  At  Bantam  the  tael  =0.1511  lb.,  and  at  Batavia  it  equals 
0.0847  lb. 

Money. — See  NETHERLANDS.  Prior  to  January  1, 1874,  the  rix- 
dollar  of  Batavia  was  rated  in  United  States  customs  at  75  cents. 
It  is  divided  into  48  stivers. 

Liberia. 

Weights,  measures,  and  money,  like  the  United  States. 

The  dollar  of  Liberia  rates  in  United  States  customs  at  $1.00. 

Lombardy.     See  VENETIAN  LOMBARDY,  and  ITALY. 

Lubeck.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 12  punkte  =  1  linie;  6  linien  =  1  zoll ;  12  zoll  =  1 
fuss ;  2  fuss  =  1  elle.  The  fuss  =  11.335  inches. 

Liquid  Measure. — 2  ort  =  1  planke ;  2  planken  =  1  quartier ; 
2  quartier  =  1  kanne ;  2  kannen  =  1  stiibchen  ;  2  stiibchen  =  1 
viertel;  5  viertel  =  1  anker;  4  anker  =  1  ahm;  6  ahm  —  1  fu- 
der.  The  eimer  is  4,  and  the  oxhoft  30  viertel.  The  viertel  = 
1.9787  gallons. 

Dry  Measure.— (For  wheat.)    4  fass  =  1  schefiel ;  4  scheffel 
t=  1  tonne  •  3  tonnen  =  I  dromt ;  8  dromt  =  1  last.    The  scheffel 
5 


50  MADAGASCAR. 

=  1.0097  bushels.  For  oats  and  fruit,  the  scheffel  =  1.1213 
bushels. 

Weights. — 4  pfennige  =  1  quentchen  ;  4  quentchen  =  1  loth  ; 
2  loth  =  1  unze;  8  unzen  =  1  mark  ;  2  mark  =  1  pfund.  The 
pfund  =  1.068744  Ibs. 

Money. — 12  pfennige  =  1  schilling;  16  schilling  =  1  mark 
(Hamburg  standard).  The  former  gold  ducat  =  $2.271,  and  the 
silver  thaler  of  2£  mark  =  $0.722. 

Madagascar. 

But  little  is  known  of  the  weights  and  measures  of  this  island. 

Length. — The  rahf  =  46.46  inches,  or  1.18  metres.  In  the 
northern  part  of  Madagascar  its  value  is  double  this. 

Capacity. — The  bambou  =  0.0568  bushel. 

Weight. — For  gold  and  silver,  3  nanki  =  1  vari ;  2  vari  =  1 
sompi.  The  sompi  =  60  grains. 

Madeira  Islands.     See  PORTUGAL. 

Some  of  the  standards  vary  slightly  from  those  of  the  mother 
country.  The  libra  =  1.011  Ibs.  For  wine,  the  pipa  =  110  gallons. 
Prior  to  1873  the  milrea  of  Madeira  rated  in  United  States  customs 
at  $1.00. 

Malabar  Coast.     See  INDIA. 

Malacca*     Including  STRAITS  SETTLEMENTS. 

Length. — At  Singapore  the  covid  or  hasta  =  18  inches.  An- 
other covid  =  18.0529  inches.  The  jumba  =  14.4  inches. 

Surface. — The  orlong  =  1.3223  acres. 

Weight. — 100  catties  =  1  pecul ;  3  peculs  =  1  bahar  or  candy. 
The  catty  =  1.35  Ibs. ;  that  used  for  gold  and  silver,  2.049143  Ibs. 
The  mace,  or  miam  =44.83  grains ;  at  Singapore,  52  grains.  The 
buncal,  for  gold  (Singapore),  =  822  grains.  For  tin,  the  tampang 
(an  equivalent  of  the  catty)  =  1.356  Ibs. ;  and  the  kip  =  40.678 
pounds. 

Malay  Archipelago.     See  BORNEO,  CELFBES,  JAVA,  SUMATRA, 
the  MOLUCCAS,  etc. 


MEXICO.  61 

Malta. 

Length. — The  canna  =  8  palmi  of  10.3  inches  each.  The  foot 
=  11.17  English  inches. 

Capacity. — For  oil,  the  caffiso  =  5.499  gallons.  -For  wine,  the 
barile  =  10.997  gallons.  For  corn,  the  salma  =  8,224  bushels. 

Weight — The  libbra  or  rottolo  =  If  Ibs.  The  cantaro  =  100 
rottoli. 

Money.  —  20  grani  =  1  taro  ;  12  tari  =  1  scudo.  The  scudo  of 
Malta  used  to  rate  in  United  States  customs  at  40  cents.  30  tari 
=  1  Sicilian  dollar.  Both  dollars  and  doubloons  circulate.  The 
former  gold  doppia  or  pistole  of  10  scudi  (before  1800)  was  worth 
$4.6512  ;  and  the  silver  oncie  (also  before  1800)  was  worth 
$1.6955. 
Manilla.  See  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

Marquesas  Islands.    IsTow  a  FRENCH  COLONY. 
Martinique.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Mauritius* 

The  weights  and  measures  of  Great  Britain,  and  also  those  of 
the  metric  system,  are  used. 

Money. — The  current  dollar  of  100  cents.  In  public  accounts 
the  pound  sterling  is  the  standard.  The  Spanish  dollar,  French 
napoleon  of  20  francs,  and  East  India  rupees,  are  also  in  circu- 
lation. 

Mecklenburg.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

The  weights  and  measures  are  those  of  Hamburg ;  except  in 
the  case  of  measures  of  capacity,  which  come  from  Liibeck. 

Mexico. 

The  weights  and  measures  are  Spanish,  with  many  local  va- 
riations. The  metric  system  is  now  legal 

In  length,  the  vara  =  32.9  inches.  In  liquid  measure,  the 
frasco  —  2-J  quarts,  and  the  baril  =  20  gallons.  In  dry  measure, 
the  fanega  =1.55  bushels. 

Weight — 25  libra  =  1  arroba  ;  4  arrobas  =  1  quintal  The 
tercio  --  160  libra.  The  libra  =  1.01418  Ibs. 


52 


MOCHA. 


Money. — Formerly,  the  dollar  was  divided  into  8  reals  ;  now, 
the  usual  division  into  100  cents  is  employed.  The  dollar  is  rated 
in  United  States  custom-houses  at  f  1.0475. 


COIN  TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value, 

Gold 

$15  7471 

"        Newly  coined.    By  U.  8.  mint 
assay 

U 

416.40 

870* 

15  6110 

Doubloon.  Average  worn.  By  U.  8.  mint 
assay          .  .         

41640 

866 

15.5300 

U 

19  6800 

"      "     of  Maximilian.    By  U.  S.  mint 
assay           .  . 

U 

521  28 

875 

19  6430 

20  pesos  of  Eepublic.    By  U.  8.  mint  as- 
say     

M 

51888 

873 

195150 

Peso  or  dollar  

Silver. 

1.05G7 

"    "       "    Average.    By  U.  8.  mint 
assay        

(i 

41568 

901 

* 
1.0400 

Peso  of  Maximilian                     .  »  . 

u 

1  0421 

"    "           "         By  U.  8.  mint  assay. 

u 

413.28 

902$ 

1.0550 

Mocha*     See  ARABIA. 

Mode n a.     See  also  ITALY. 

Length. — 6  piede  =  1  cavezzo.  The  pie  =  20.593  inches.  The 
braccio  =  22.741  inches, 

Surface. — S6  square  piede  =  1  square  cavezzo ;  4  square  ca- 
vezzi  =  1  tavola ;  72  tavole  =  1  biolca.  The  biolca  =  0.7009 
acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 2  boccali  =  1  fiasco  \  20  fiasci  =  1  barile. 
The  fiasco  =  0.65028  gallon. 

Dry  Measure. — 2  staja  =  1  sacco.    The  stajo  =  1.9978  bushels. 

Weight — 16  ferlini  =  1  oncia  \  12  oncie  =  1  libbra  or  lira. 
The  libbra  =  0.7044-  Ib. 

Money. — 15  lire  Modenesi  =  1  seudo.     The  scudo  =  $0.8055. 

Moldavia*     See  ROUMANIA. 

Molucca  Islands. 

The  chief  islands  are  GILOLO,  AMBOYNA,  CKRAM,  TERNATE,  and 
the  BANDA  group.  Being  under  control  of  the  Netherlands,  the 


NAPLES.  53 

modern  Dutch  weights  and  measures  are  somewhat  used.  Still, 
there  are  other  standards  resembling  those  of  Java,  Sumatra,  etc. 

In  AMBOYNA,  the  bahar  =  597.61  Ibs.,  the  mace  =  28£  grains, 
and  the  tael  =  455.8  grains.  Hence,  16  mace  =  1  tael.  The 
koyang  =  55.3371  bushels. 

In  TERNATE,  the  catty  =  1.3017  Ibs, 

Montenegro. 

Coinage,  weights,  and  measures,  of  the  neighboring  countries. 

M ontserrat.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Morocco. 

Length. — The  codo,  covid,  covado,  cadee,  or  dhra'a,  as  given 
by  different  authorities,  varies  from  19.85  to  22.48  inches.  Per- 
haps 20.92  inches,  or  0.5313  metre,  is  the  best  value.  The  pic  = 
26  inches. 

Capacity. — The  muhd  or  mud  —  5.184  bushels. 

Weight. — 100  rotl  =  1  cantaro.  The  rotl  of  commerce  =  1.19 
Ibs. ;  that  of  the  markets  =  1.7  Ibs. 

Money. — Spanish  dollars  and  doubloons  circulate. 

The  gold  boutki  or  bendoki  =  $1.9952.  The  silver  rial  of 
1776  =  $1.0449. 

Muscat. 

Length. — The  covid  =  39.13  inches. 

Capacity. — 34  sidios  =  1  ferren.    The  ferren  =  7.9254  gallons. 
Weight. —  24  kotschas  =  1  maund ;  60  maunds  =  1   candy. 
The  maund  =  8f  Ibs. 

Money. — As  in  Persia  and  Arabia. 

Naples.     See  also  ITALY. 

Length. — 5  minuti  =  1  oncia ;  12  oncie  =  1  palmo ;  8  palmi 
=  1  canna.  The  palmo  =  10.381  niches.  7£  palmi  make  1  per- 
tica  or  passo. 

Road  Measure. — The  miglio  of  7,000  palmi  =  1.147  miles. 

Surface. — The  moggio  of  60,625  square  palmi  =  0.8584  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 60  caraffi  s=  1  barile ;  12  barile  —  1  botta, 
2  botti  =  1  carro.  The  caraffa  =  0.1929  gallon.  This  scale  ia 


54  NATAL. 

for  wine  and  spirits.  For  oil,  6  misurelle  =  1  quarto;  16  quarti 
=  1  stajo ;  16  staja  =  1  salma.  The  stajo  is  sometimes  divided 
into  20  pignate.  The  stajo  =  2.61633  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — 24  misure  =  1  tomolo ;  36  tomoli  ~  1  carro. 
The  tomolo  =  1,5646  bushels. 

Weight. — In  general  commerce  the  rotolo  of  2£  libbre  is  used, 
the  libbra  =  0.70722  Ib.  avoirdupois.  The  same  libbra  occurs  in 
the  following  tables : 

1.  Weight  for  gold,  silver,  silk,  spices,  drugs,  and  colors.     20 
•ccini  =  1  trapeso  j  3  trapesi  or  scrupoli  =  1  dramma ;  10  dramme 
=  1  oncia ;  12  oncie  =  1  libbra. 

2.  Apothecaries'  weight.     20  accini  =  1  scrupolo ;  3  scrupoli 
=  1  drachma ;  10  drachme  =  1  oncia  ;  12  oneie  =  1  libbra. 

Money. — 10  grani  =  1  carlino ;  2  carlini  =  1  taro ;  5  tari  =  1 
ducato. 

The  ducat,  by  United  States  law  of  1846,  rated  at  80  cents. 

The  gold  oncetta,  or  3-ducati  de  regno,  =  $2.5067.  The  silver 
ducato  =  $0.8265.  Scudo  or  piastre,  of  12  carlini,  =  $0.992  ;  or, 
by  United  States  mint  assay,  $0.9437. 

Natal.     See  CAPE  OP  GOOD  HOPE. 

Netherlands*  Colonial  Possessions:  JAYA,  SUMATRA,  parts  of 
BORNEO,  BANCA,  CELEBES,  the  MOLUCCAS,  other  smaller  islands 
in  the  EAST  INDIES,  and  part  of  NEW  GUINEA.  In  America, 
DUTCH  GUIANA,  CURACOA,  and  other  WEST  INDIA  ISLANDS. 

Since  1817  the  weights  and  measures  of  Holland  have  been  of 
the  metric  system ;  merely  some  of  the  old  Dutch  names  have 
been  retained.  Compare  FRANCE. 

Length. — The  streep  or  millimetre,  duim  or  centimetre,  palm 
or  decimetre,  el  or  metre,  roede  or  decametre,  and  mijle  or  kilo- 
metre. Before  1817  the  voet  was  a  measure  of  11.15  inches,  and 
the  old  Amsterdam  el  was  27.08  inches. 

Surface. — The  vierkante  roede  or  are,  and  the  bunder  or  hec- 
tare. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  vingerhoed  or  centilitre,  maatje  or 
decilitre,  kan  or  litre,  and  vat  or  hectolitre. 


NEW  CALEDONIA. 


55 


Dry  Measure. — The  maatje  or  decilitre,  kop  or  litre,  schepel  or 
decalitre,  mudde  or  hectolitre,  scheepston  (wisse)  or  kilolitre,  and 
last  or  30  hectolitres. 

Wdgld. — The  korrel  or  decigramme,  wigtje  or  gramme,  lood  or 
decagramme,  ons  or  hectogramme,  Niederlandsch  pond  or  kilo- 
gramme, and  centnaar  of  100  kilogrammes. 

In  apothecaries'  weight  a  pond  of  375  grammes  is  subdivided 
into  ounces,  drachms,  scruples,  and  grains,  exactly  as  in  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain. 

Money. — 5  cents  make  1  stiver. 

20  stivers  "      1  florin  or  guilder,  =  $0.4084. 
50  stivers  "      1  rijksdaaler. 

Formerly,  12  groot  made  1  schilling.  In  United  States  cus- 
toms the  florin  now  rates  at  $0.405.  Formerly  it  rated  at  $0.40. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Double  Wilb 
Double  duca 
•William.    10 
B 
Ducat       . 

am.    20  florins,  about  
t 

Gold. 

Silver. 
Bi  on. 

Co  per. 

207.65T 
10T.825 
103.828 
103.200 
53.912 
51.914 

385.750 

900 
983 
900 
899 
983 
900 

945 

$8.0514 
4.5668 
4.0257 
8.9970 
2.2884 
2.0128 
1.0212 

1.3189 

0.4084- 
0.2042 
0.1021 
0.0408 
0.0204 
0.1021 
0.0408 
0.0204 
0.0102 
0.0041 
0.0041 
0.0020 
0.0020 

florins,  abou 
Y  U.  S.  mint 

t           ... 

assay  

Half-William 
Bijksdaaler. 
grammes 
Ryder.    (Fo 
Guilder,  or  fl 
Half-guilder 
J-guilder. 

T\i         " 

3fr      " 
25  cents. 

10      " 
5      " 
2^    " 
Cent 

J-Cent. 

2*    florins.     Weight    25 

r  colonial  tra< 
orin.    10  gra 
5 
[For  colonies} 

<"           u 

Pays-Bas. 

Colonies. 
Pays-Bas. 
Colonies. 

le  ) 

mines  weight. 

154.820 
77.160 
49.067 
19.315 
9.414 
55.162 
21.605 
10.570 
192.875 
74.064 
59.828 
29.664 
85.494 

945 
945 
720 
720 
720 
640 
640 
640 


\     

Nevis.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

New  Brunswick.     See  CANADA. 

New  Caledonia.    (French  Colony.) 


56  NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Newfoundland.     See  CANADA. 
New  Granada.     See  COLOMBIA. 
New  South  Wales.     See  AUSTRALIA. 
New  Zealand.     Same  as  AUSTRALIA. 
Nicaragua.     See  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Norway.     (See  SWEDEN  for  modern  system.) 
Length. — 12  linie  make  1  turn. 

12  turn  "    -lfot,= 11.6904  inches,  or  0.297  metre, 

2  fot  "      1  aln. 

3  aln  «     1  fainn. 
5   "  "1  rode. 

Road  Measure. — The  mill  of  36,000  fot,  and  grenzmiil  of 
80,000  fot.  The  latter  =  5.5352  miles. 

Surface. — The  tunna  or  tondeland  =  56,000  square  fot.  4 
kappland  =  1  fjerding ;  4  fjerding  =  1  spannland  ;  2  spannland 
=  1  tondeland.  The  tondeland  =1.2132  acres. 

Solid. — 1  vedfamn  =  108  cubic  fot,  or  99.855  cubic  feet. 

Liquid  Measure. — 

4  jungfrus  make  1  qwarter. 
4  qwarters    "      1  stop. 

2  stops         "      1  kanna,  =  0.69106    gallon,    or 

2.617  litres. 

48  kannas  make  1  tunna. 
J)ry  Measure. — 

4  orts          make  1  qwarter. 

4  qwarters     "     1  stop. 

2  stops  "      1  kanna. 

7  kannas        "      1  fjerding. 

4  fjerdings     "     1  span,    ==    2.0786    bushels,    or 

73.2419  litres. 
2  spans  make  1  tunna. 

The  tunna  also  =  32  kappe. 


PALESTINE. 


Weight. — 4  qwintin  make  1  lod. 
2  lod  "       1  untz. 

16  untz        "       1  skalpund,  =  0.93Y3  Ib. 

This  pund  is  divided  into  8,848  as. 

20  skalpunds  make  1  lispund. 
400        "  "       1  skippund. 

Apothecaries  use  a  pund  of  7,416  as,  which  is  divided  into 
untzs,  drachmas,  scrupels,  and  grans,  as  in  England. 

For  gold  and  silver,  the  mark,  of  4,384  as,  is  divided  into  8 
untzs,  16  lods,  and  64  qwintins. 

Money. — 12  runstycken  make  1  skilling. 

120  skilling  "       1  riksdaler,  =  $1.0929. 

Former  value  of  the  riksdaler  in  United^tates  custom-houses, 
$1.06.  The  crown  now  rates  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  1874)  at 
$0.268. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Kiksdaler  or  specie-daler    

Silver. 

446  683 

875 

$1  0929 

"           "         By  U.  8.  mint 

H 

444960 

877 

1  0840 

11 

2'>3  841 

875 

0  5464 

1  ort                                 

It 

92129 

878 

0  21S6 

12  skilling  

H 

44.598 

878 

0  1093 

Bronze 

0  0864 

2      "                                  

0  0182 

1      " 

u 

0  0091 

•      u 

<t 

0  0046 

Nova  Scotia*     See  CANADA. 
Nubia.     See  EGYPT. 

Oldenburg.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 
The  former  gold  pistole  =  $3.9593. 

Ottoman  Empire.     See  TURKEY. 
Palestine.    See  TURKEY. 


58  PARAGUAY. 

Paraguay. 

The  peso  of  Paraguay  rates  in  United  States  customs  at  $1.00. 
Weights  and  measures  of  Spanish  origin. 

Parma.     JSee  also  ITALY. 

Length. — 12  atomi  =  1  punto;  12punti=l  oncia;  12  oncie 
=  1  braccio  di  legno ;  6  braccia  =  1  pertica.  This  braccio  = 
21.344  inches.  The  pie  is  a  measure  of  22.428  inches. 

Surface. — 12  tavola  =  1  staro;  6  stari  =  1  biolca  of  288 
square  pertica.  The  biolca  =  0.7528  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — As  at  Milan.     See  VENETIAN  LOMBARDY. 

Dry  Measure. — 8  quarteroli  =  1  mina ;  2  mine  =  1  stajo  or 
staro.  The  stajo  =  1.334  bushels. 

Weight. — 24  granuc=  1  denaro ;  24  denari  =  1  oncia ;  1 2  oncie 
=  1  libbra;  25  libbre  =  1  rubbio.  The  libbra  =  0.7197  pound. 

Money. — The  gold  sequin,  or  zecchino,  =  $2.2691.  Gold  pis- 
tole =  $4.2676.  Gold  20-lire  =  $3.8591.  Silver  ducato  (prior 
to  1815)  =  $0.9933. 

Persia. 

No  regular  system  of  weights  and  measures  applies  to  the 
whole  country. 

Length. — The  archin  arisen  =  38.28  inches,  and  the  archin 
schah  =  31.46  inches.  At  Ispahan,  the  guerze  or  gueza  =  37.39 
inches,  or  0.949  metre. 

Capacity. — 4  sextarios  make  1  chenica. 
2  chenicas      "      1  capicha. 

25  capichas      "      1  artaba,  or  arta,  =  1.8514  bush- 
els, or  65.236  litres. 
The  artaba  also  equals  8  collothun. 
Weight.  —  2  mascais  make  1  dirhem. 
50  dirhems     "      1  rattel. 
6  rattels       "      1  batman. 

In  Tauris  the  batman  =  6.3408  Ibs.  ;  in  Shiraz  its  value  is 
double  the  above.  In  Ispahan,  the  mahnd  shah  =  13.6601  Ibs. ; 
while  in  Shiraz,  Bushire,  and  Gamri,  its  value  is  27.3202  Ibs.  In 
Teheran,  the  rik  of  1,600  miskal  =  17.075  Ibs. 


POLAND. 


59 


Money. — 5  dinars  make  1  kasbequis. 

2  kasbequis       "      1  dinar-bisti. 
5  dinars-bisti      "      1  shatree. 
2  shatrees          "      1  mahmoodi. 
2  mahmoodis     "      1  abassi. 

50  abassi  "     1  tomaun.     In  gold,  =  $2.2437. 

There  is  also  a  half-tomaun  in  gold.  In  silver,  the  sahibkiran 
of  Mohammed  Shah  =  $0.2243  ;  but  this  coin  varies  in  value  un- 
der different  rulers. 

Pern. 

Weights  and  measures  of  Spanish  origin. 

The  vara  =  33.367  inches.  The  libra  =  1.014286  Ibs.,  the 
quintal  =  100  libra,  and  the  fanega  =  140  libra. 

Money. — A  system  based  on  the  French  was  adopted  in  1863.. 
In  it  the  sol  (divided  into  100  cents)  is  the  equivalent  of  5  franca, 
In  United  States  customs  the  sol  now  rates  at  $0.9650. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Piece  of  20  sols,  —  100  francs  

Gold. 

$19.2953 

«     »    «     «    By  U.  S.  mint  assay  
Old  doubloon.      "      "        u          " 

506.40 

898 

19.2130 
15  5567 

Old  dollar.           "      "       "          " 
Dollar  of  1858.    "      "        "          " 
Half-dollar,  1836-1838.    By  U.  8,  mint 
assay  

Silver. 

415.63 
367.68 

20T.84 

901 
909 

650 

1.0480 
0.92SO 

0.8750 

Sol.    By  U.  S.  mint  assay         

it 

384.96 

900 

0.9600 

"      Legal  value 

H 

0  9726 

Philippine   Islands.     (Colony  of  SPAIN.) 
The  pecul  =  139.45  Ibs. 
The  caban  of  rice  =  133  Ibs. ;  of  cocoa,  83|  Ibs. 

Poland*     See  RUSSIA,  AUSTRIA,  and  PRUSSIA. 

The  former  standards  of  Krakau  (Cracow,  in  Austrian  Poland) 
are  worth  partially  citing. 

Length.— The  stopa  (of  12  calow,  etc.)  =  14.032  inches. 


^ 

'UNIVEESITY; 


80  PORTO  RICO. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  garniec  =  0.99145   gallon.     That   of 
Warsaw  was  1.05671  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — The  korzec  =  3.4082  bushels.     At  Warsaw, 
8.6324  bushels. 

Weight— The  funt  (of  2  mark  or  48  skoyciec)  =  0.895  Ibs. 

Money. — The  former  gold  ducat  (25  zloty)  =  $2.9887. 

The  silver  zloty  =  $0.1146.     There  were  also  pieces  of  2,  6 
and  10  zloty. 

Porto   Rico.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Portugal.  Colonial  Possessions. — The  MADEIRA,  AZORES,  and 
CAPE  VERDE  ISLANDS,  ISLAND  OP  ST.  THOMAS,  parts  of  GUINEA, 
MOZAMBIQUE,  GOA,  and  other  cities  in  INDIA,  MACAO  in  CHINA, 
TIMOR  and  other  islands  in  the  MALAY  ARCHIPELAGO. 

The  metric  system  has  lately  been  adopted.     The  old  style 
was  as  follows : 

Length. — 12  pontos        make  1  linha. 

12  linhas  "      1  pollegada. 

8  pollegadas     "      1  palmo  da  craveira. 

3  palmos          "      1  covado. 

5  palmos          "      1  vara,  =  43.28  inches,  or  1.099 
metres. 

2  varas  "      1  braya. 

The  grao  =  2  linhas,  and  the  dedo  =  8  linhas. 
Road  Measure. — 8  estadios  make  1  milha,  =  1.2786  miles. 

3  milhas     "      1  legoa. 

Surface. — The  geira  is  4,840  square  varas,  =  1.4287  acres. 
Cubic. — Timber  is  measured  in  cubic  pollegadas,  earth  in  cubio 
bra9as,  brick  and  stone  work  in  cubic  palmas. 
Liquid  Measure. — 

4  quartilhos  make  1  Canada. 

6  canadas        "      1  alquiere,  pote,  or  cantaro. 
2  alquieres       "      1  almude. 

In  Lisbon  the  alquie"re  =  2.18475  gallons,  or    8.6299  litres. 
"  Oporto    "         "         =  3.31279      "          "  12.5399     " 
26  almude  make  1  pipa  or  bota. 
2  pipas      "      1  tonekda. 


PORTUGAL. 


61 


Dry  Measure. — 

2  maquias  make  1  outava. 

2  outavas      "      1  quarto. 
4  quartos      "      1  alquiere. 
4  alquieres    "      1  fanga. 

15  fangas        "      1  moio. 

The  fanga  of  Lisbon  =  1.5347  bushels,  or  54.0768  litre* 
"        "      "  Oporto  =  1.9374       u          "  62.2663     " 
For  coal,  in  Lisbon,  the  fanga  =  21.1667  bushels. 
Weight. — 24    graos         make  1  scrupulo. 

3  scrupulos      "     1  outava. 
8    outavas 

16  on9as 
grammes. 

32    arratels 

4  arrobas 


1  arratel,  =  1.01186  Ibs.,  or  459 


1  arroba. 
1  quintal. 
13|  quintals         "     1  tonelada. 

For  gold  and  silver,  a  marco  of  £  arratel  is  used.   Apothecaries 
have  a  libra  of  12  on9as,  or  £  arratel. 

Money. — The  rei  is  an  imaginary  money  of  account,  the  sum 
of  1,000  reis  being  called  a  milreis.    A  million  of  reis  is  a  conto 

of  reis. 

20  reis  make  1  vintem. 


100 
320 

400 

480 

1,000 


1  tostao  or  testoon. 


1  crusado. 

1  sello  or  new  crusado. 

1  milreis. 


The  milreis  now  rates  in  United  States  customs  at  $1.0847. 
The  British  pound  rates  in  Portugal  at  4,500  reis,  and  the 
French  franc  at  180  reis. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Ooroa.    (Crown  5  000  reis  )    

Gold. 

85  8257 

"         By  U  8  mint  assay         ....  . 

U 

147  84 

912 

5  8070 

Milreis 

Silver 

1  0815 

600  reis.    By  U  S.  mint  assay    

192  00 

912 

0*4860 

82  PEINGE  EDWARD'S  ISLAND. 

Prince  Edward's  Island*     See  CANADA. 

Prussia.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length.— -12  scrupel  =  1  lime;  12  linien  =  1  zoll ;  12  zoll  = 
1  Rheiufuss.  This  fuss  =  12.357  inches,  or  0.3138  metre.  12 
Rheinfuss  =  1  ruthe.  The  elle  =  2^  fuss.  Surveyors  divide  the 
ruthe  decimally  into  10  decimal  fuss,  100  zoll,  and  1,000  linien. 

Road  Measure. — The  postmeile  of  24,000  Rheinfuss  =  4.6807 
miles,  or  7.532721  kilometres. 

Surface. — The  morgen  of  180  square  ruth  en  =  0.6309  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 2  ossel  =  1  quartier  ;  30  quartier  =  1  an- 
ker ;  2  anker  =  1  eimer ;  2  eimer  =  1  ohm  ;  6  ohm  =  1  fuder. 
The  anker  =  9.07319  gallons,  or  34.345  litres 

Dry  Measure. — 4  masschen  —  1  metze  ;  4  metzen  =  1  viertel ; 
4  viertel  =  1  scheffel ;  12  scheffel  =  1  malter  ;  6  malter  =  1  last. 

The  wispel  =18  scheffel.  The  scheffel  =1.5597  bushels,  or 
64.9577  litres. 

Cubic  Measure.— The  klafter  =  108  cubic  Rheinfuss,  =  117.8 
cubic  feet.  The  haufen  =  4£  klafter. 

Weight. — Formerly,  the  pfund  (=  1.03118  Ibs.  avoirdupois) 
was  divided  into  marks,  unzen,  loth,  and  quentchen,  as  in  most 
of  the  other  German  states  (for  example,  Hanover  and  Ham- 
burg). This  pfund  was  represented  by  •£$  of  a  cubic  Rheinfuss  of 
distilled  water,  weighed  in  vaeuo>  at  the  temperature  of  65f  °  Fahr. 
16£  pfund  made  1  liespfund,  and  20  liespfund  made  1  schiffpfund. 
22  pfund  made  the  stein,  and  5  stein  the  centner,  The  more  mod- 
ern scale  is  as  follows  : 

10  zent  =  1  quentchen  ;  10  quentchen  =  1  loth;  30  loth  =  1 
pfund ;  100  pfund  =  1  centner ;  3  centner  =  1  tonne.  This  pfund 
is.  the  Zollverein  pfund  of  500  grammes,  or  1.1023  Ibs. 

For  gold  and  silver,  the  mark  of  -J-  the  old  pfund  is  divided  into 
16  loth  or  288  gran. 

Apothecaries'  weight  as  in  Nuremberg.     See  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Money. — For  recent  system,  see  GERMAN  EMPIRE.  Formerly, 
12  pfennige  made  1  groschen,  30  silbergroschen  made  1  thaler. 
Still  earlier,  the  thaler  was  divided  into  24  gute  groschen.  The 
thaler  equals  in  weight  ^  of  a  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver. 


ROMAN  STATES. 


63 


COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Old  ten-thaler  piece.     By  IT.  S.  mint 

Gold 

204  960 

903 

$7  9710 

Old  Friedrich  d'or  

4  0096 

Old  ducat         

it 

2  0048 

V  ereinskrone.         

<t 

171  278 

900  ,' 

6  64615 

It 

85637 

900 

8  3^308 

Doppeltchaler.    2  thalers  

Silver 

571  555 

900 

1  4409 

Tlialer                             .... 

2S5  778 

900 

0  7204 

"      By  U.  S.  mint  assay  

285  600 

900 

0  7140 

"      Old.    Before  185T.    By  CT.  S.  mint 
assay  

341  760 

750 

0  7120 

Seohstelthaler,  or  5  groschen  

520 

0  1201 

2$-silbergroschenstiick  
Silbergroschen.          

Bi  on. 



375 

220 

0.0600 
0  0240 

220 

0  Qi20 

4  pfennige  

0  0080 

3        '•        ...                

0  0060 

2        " 

0  0040 

0  0020 

Queensland.     See  AUSTRALIA. 

Roman  States.     See  also  ITALY. 

Length. — The  commercial  palmo  =  8.796  inches  ;  the  mer- 
cer's palmo  =  8.347  inches;  the  architect's  palmo  =  8.79  inches. 
The  pie  =  11.592  inches  ;  at  Ancona,  15.384  inches.  The  canna 
=  78.4  inches,  the  braccio  of  Rome  =  30.732,  and  the  braccio  of 
Ancona=  25^  inches.  Architects  divide  their  palmo  into  1 2  oncie  of 
10  decimi  each  ;  10  of  these  palmi  make  1  canna,  and  the  catena 
of  10  stajoli  is  57|  palmi.  There  is  also  an  architect's  pie  or  foot 
of  16  oncie,  =  11  72  inches. 

Surface. — The  rubbio  of  370,300  square  architect's  palmi  = 
4.5658  acres.  It  has  various  subdivisions. 

Liquid  Measure. — 4  quartucci  =  1  foglietta ;  4  fogliette  =  1 
boccale;  32  boccale  =  1  barile ;  16  barile  =  1  botte.  For  wine, 
the  barile  =  15.412,  and  for  oil  15.185  gallons.  In  Bologna,  4 
fogliette  =  1  boccale;  15  boccale  =  1  quarterone;  4  quarterone 
=  1  corba.  This  boccale  =  0.346  gallon.  The  soma  =  18.49 
gallons  at  Ancona,  and  43.386  gallons  at  Rome. 

Dry  Measure. — 4  quartucci  =  1  scorzo  ;  If  scorzi  =  1  sta- 
rello ;  4  starelli  =  1  quarta  ;  4  quarte  =  1  rubbio.  At  Rome,  the 


64  ROUMANIA. 

rubbio  =  8.355  bushels  ;  at  Ancona,  7.974  bushels.  In  Bologna, 
4  quarticini  =  1  quarterone  ;  4  quarterone  =  1  stajo ;  2  staja  = 
1  corba.  This  corba  is  the  same  as  in  liquid  measure,  and  =  2.232 
bushels  (20.7617  gallons,  liquid). 

Weight. — 24  grani  =  1  denaro  ;  24  denari  =  1  oncia;  12  on- 
*ie  =  1  libbra.  In  Bologna,  4  grani  =  I  carato ;  10  carati  =  1 
ferlino ;  2  ferlini  =  1  ottavo ;  8  ottavi  =  1  oncia ;  12  oncie  =  1  lib- 
bra.  The  libbra  =  0.7477  Ib.  at  Rome,  0.7984  at  Bologna,  and 
0.7277  at  Ancona. 

Monet/. — 10  bajocchi  =  1  paolo ;  10  paoli  =  1  scudo.-  The 
scudo  (of  1835)  =  $1.0465.  The  Madonna  scudo  of  Bologna  = 
$1.0445.  In  gold,  the  10  scudi  Romani  of  1853  =  $10.47 ;  and  the 
zecchino  of  Rome  and  Bologna  prior  to  1835  =  $2.276.  A  modern 
piece  of  2£  scudi,  by  United  States  mint  assay,  is  worth  $2.6047. 

Roumaiiia.     (MOLDAVIA  and  WALLACHIA.) 

Length. — The  palma  =  10.89  inches.  The  khalebi,  for  wool- 
ens, =  26.43  inches,  and  the  kot,  for  silk  and  linen,  =  24.86 
inches.  The  endaseh  is  26.08  inches. 

Capacity.— The  viadra  of  10  oka  =  3.7434  gallons,  or  14.1699 
litres.  The  kilo  =  12.345  bushels,  or  434.98  litres. 

Weight. — 4  litra  =•  1  oka  or  occha  ;  44  okas  ==  1  cantaro.  The 
oka  =  2.818  Ibs.,  or  1.2786  kilogrammes. 

Money. — 100  ban  para  =  1  piastre  or  lei.  The  lei  is  meant  to 
be  the  equivalent  of  the  franc.  The  silver  piece  of  2  lei,  by 
United  States  mint  assay,  weighs  154.56  grains,  is  835  fine,  and 
worth  $0.358. 

Russia. 

Length. — 12  linia  make  1  duhne. 

12  duimes         "      1  foute,  =  1     English    foot,    or 

0.304761  metre. 
7  foutes  make  1  sagene,  sashen,  or  sachine. 

4  verschoks  make  1  tchetverk. 
4  tchetverk      "      1  archeen,  archine,  or  arsheen. 
3  archines        "     1  sachine,  =  7  feet,   or    2.1335 
metres. 


RUSSIA.  66 

Road  Measure. — The  verst  or  werst  =  500  sacliines,  or  3,600 
feet.  The  Lithuanian  meile  =  4.9958  miles,  or  8.039816  kilo- 
metres. 

Surface. — The  deciatine  =  2,400  square  sachines,  or  2.6997 
acres. 

Liquid  Measure. — 100  tcharkas  =  1  vedro  ;  3  vedros  =  1  an- 
ker ;  40  vedros  =  1  sarakowaja.  The  vedro  =  the  volume  of 
750.57  cubic  inches  of  distilled  water,  or  30  pounds  weighed  in 
vacuo  at  the  temperature  of  16f°  Centigrade. 

2  quars         make  1  polou-stoff. 
2  polou-stoffs     "   1  stoff. 
4  stoffs  "  1  polou-vedro. 

2  polou-vedros   "   1  vedro. 

The  kronchka  is  -fa  vedro.  The  vedro  =  3.249  gallons,  or 
12.299  litres. 

Dry  Measure. — 

2  garnetz  make  1  tschetverka. 

4  tschetverkas      "      1  tschetverik. 
2  tschetveriks       "      1  pajak. 
2  pajaks  "      1  osmina. 

2  osminas  "     1  tschetviert,  or  chetviert. 

The  tschetverik  =  0.7446  bushel,  or  26.2367  litres. 
Weight. — 96  dolis  make  1  zolotnick. 

3  zolotnicks       "     1  loth. 
8         "  "1  lana. 

12  lanas  "     1  funte,  =  0.9028  lb.,  or  0.4095 

kilogramme. 

40  funtes  "     1  pood  or  pud. 

10  poods  "      1  berkowitz  or  berkovetz. 

3  berkovetz        "     1  packen. 

Ir  pharmacy,  the  funte  is  f  of  the  commercial  funte,  and  is  sub- 
divided, as  hi  England  and  Germany,  into  ounces,  drachms,  scru- 
ples, and  grams. 

Monet/. — 100  copecks  make  1  ruble  or  rouble.  The  ruble  = 
$0.7779  ;  or,  in  United  States  customs  (1874),  $0.7717.  Before 
1800  the  ruble  was  of  somewhat  greater  value. 


66 


ST.  BARTHOLOMEW. 


COIN    TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Half-imperial.    5  rubles  ...         .... 

Gold. 
Silver. 

u 

u 
u 

Bronze. 

100.842 
100.800 
820.362 
320.160 
159.838 
80.948 
64.827 
48.020 
32.928 
16.464 

880 
916 
833 
875 
833 
8-33 
833 
820 
820 
820 

$3.9869 
3.9760 
0.7779 
0.7780 
0.8889 
0.1945 
0.1556 
0.1167 
0.0778 
0.0390 
0.0078 
0.0039 
0.0020 

"                  Bj  U.  S.  mint  assay  
Ruble                

"        By  U  8  mint  assay 

Half-ruble  or  poltinnik 

Quarter-ruble  or  tschetvertak        ...  . 

Fifth-ruble,  or  abassis  

15  copecks  or  zloty-polski  

5        "        "  piatak  

Copeck                      .                     

Polushka     v                   

St.  Bartholomew.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

St.  Christopher's  or  Kitt's.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

St.  Eustatius.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

St.  Helena.     (British  Colony.) 

St.  John.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

St.  Martin.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

St.  Thomas.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

St.  Vincent.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Sandwich  Islands. 

Weights,  measures,  and  money,  as  in  the  UNITED  STATES. 
The  barrel  of  whale-oil  =  31|  gallons. 

San  Salvador.     See  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 
Santa  Cruz,  or  St.  Croix.     See  WEST  INDIES. 
Santa  Lucia.     See  WEST  INDIES. 
Santo  Domingo.     See  WEST  INDIES. 


SARDINIA.  67 

Sardinia.     See  also  ITALY. 

Length. — 12  atomi  =  1  punto;  12  punti  =  1  oncia  .  12  oncie 
=  1  pie  liprando.  This  pie  =  20.228  inches.  In  Genoa  there 
is  a  pie  manuale  =  f  the  above.  In  the  same  city,  5%  oncie  —  1 
palmo ;  2£  palmi  =  1  braccio ;  and  about  9  palmi  =  1  canna.  In 
Turin  and  Piedmont  generally,  6  piede  liprando  =  1  trabucco  ;  2 
trabucci  —  1  pertica.  The  raso  =  14  oncie. 

Road  Measure. — The  miglio  (4333$  piede  liprando)  =  1.3835 
miles. 

Surface. — In  Piedmont  the  giornata  of  100  square  pertica  = 
0.9393  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — In  Genoa,  90  amole  or  50  pinte  =  1  barile ; 
2  barili  =  1  mezzaruola.  This  barile  =  17.084  gallons. 

In  Piedmont  (Turin),  2  quartini  =  1  boccale ;  2  boccali  =  1 
•»inta  ;  6  pinte  =  1  rubbio  ;  6  rubbi  =  1  brenta ;  10  brente  =  1 
carro.  The  rubbio  =  2.4804  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — In  Genoa,  12  gombette  =  1  quarto  ;  8  quarti 
=  1  mina.  The  mina  =  3.4257  bushels. 

In  Turin,  20  cucchiari  =  1  copello  ;  4  copelli  =  1  quartiere  ; 
2  quartiere  =  1  mina ;  2  mine  =  1  stajo ;  3  staje  =  1  sacco.  The 
sacco  =  3.2635  bushels. 

Weight. — In  Genoa,  24  grani  =  1  denaro ;  24  denari  =  1 
oncia  ;  12  oncie  =  1  libbra  ;  1-J  libbre  =  1  rottolo.  The  libbra 
=  0.70021  Ib. ;  in  peso  g rosso  it  is  -fa  higher. 

In  Piedmont  (Turin),  24  granotini  =  1  grano ;  24  grani  =  1 
denaro  ;  3  denari  =  1  ottavo  ;  8  ottavi  =  1  oncia ;  12  oncie  =  1 
libbra.  This  libbra  =  0.81332  Ib.  The  marco,  for  gold  and  sil- 
ver, is  |  libbra.  The  apothecaries'  libbra  is  !$•  marco. 

Money.— 100  centesimi  =  1  lira  nuova.  The  lira  =  $0.193. 
The  silver  livre  of  Genoa  formerly  rated  in  United  States  custom- 
houses at  21  cents. 

Former  Coinage. — In  Genoa,  the  gold  zecchino  or  sequin, 
coined  for  the  Levantine  trade,  =  $2.2906.  The  gold  dopia  or 
Genovine,  old,  =  $23.5913 ;  new,  =  $14.9082.  The  doppie  (20 
lire  nuove)  of  Sardinia  =  $3.8591.  The  carlino  of  Piedmont 
(1786)  =  $27.4582 ;  of  Sardinia  (1773)  =  $9.4586.  The  silver 
Bcudo  (6  lire  Piedmontese),  before  1800,  =  $1.3689.  The  scu«to 
or  scutcheon  dollar  of  Sardinia  (2£  lire  of  S.),  1773,  =  $0.9091. 


68  SAXONY. 

Saxony.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 10  linien  =  1  zoll ;  12  zoll  =  1  fuss  ;  2  fuss  --  1 
elle ;  8  ellen  =  1  ruthe.  The  fuss  =  11.148  inches,  and  the  ar- 
chitect's fuss  of  Leipsic  =  11.13  inches. 

Road  Measure.— The  postmeile  (24,000  fugs)  =-  4.223  miles. 
The  polizei-meile  (32,000  fuss)  =  5.6303  miles. 

Surface. — The  morgen  of  76,800  square  fuss  =  1.5216  acres. 

Liquid  Measure. — 4  quartier  =  1  nossel ;  2  nossel  =  1  kanne ; 
63  kannen  =  1  eimer ;  2  eimer  =  1  ohm;  6  ohm  =  1  fuder. 
Also,  54  kannen  =  1  anker ;  3  eimer  =  1  oxhoft ;  5  eimer  =  1 
fass.  The  kanne  =  0.3181  gallon.  In  Dresden  the  measures  are 
£  smaller  than  the  above,  which  belong  to  Leipsic. 

Dry  Measure. — 4  masschen  =  1  metze  ;  4  metzen  =  1  viertel ; 
4  viertel  =  1  scheffel;  12  scheffel  =  1  malter;  2  malter  =  1  wis- 
pel.  The  scheffel  =  2.9485  bushels. 

Weight. — 15  gran  =  1  pfennig ;  4  pfennige  =  1  quentlein  ;  4 
quentlein  —  1  loth ;  2  loth  =  1  unze  ;  8  unzen  =  1  mark ;  2  mark 
=  1  pfund.  The  pfund  =  1.0306  Ibs.  The  centner  =110  pfund. 
For  apothecaries'  weight,  see  GERMA.N  EMPIRE. 

Money. — 12  pfennige  =  1  neugroschen  ;  30  neugroschen  =  1 
thaler.  Values  as  in  Prussia. 

The  former  August  d'or  (and  double  August  d'or  hi  same  pro- 
portion) =  $4.0098.  The  former  specie-thaler  of  24  gute  groschen 
(IJ  thaler)  =  $1.091. 

Sennaar.     See  EGYPT. 

Servia. 

Length.— The  archine  =  28.0  inches,  or  0.711  metre. 
Weight.— 100  drachm  =  1  litra ;  4  litra  =  1  oka.    The  oka  -* 
2.8188  Ibs.,  or  1.2786  kilogrammes. 

Money. — 80  para  =  1  piastre.     The  piastre  =  $0.0794. 

Siam. 

Length. — 2  soks  make  1  ken. 

2  kens    "      1  vouah,  =  6.306  feet,  or  1.922  metres 


SOUTH  AUSTRALIA.  69 

Road  Measure. — The  roenung  of  2,000  vouahs  =  2.3886  miles, 
tt  3.84401  kilometres. 
Capacity. — 

40  sats  make  1  sesti,  =  0.33462  bushel,  or  11.7908  litres. 
40  sesti    "      1  cohi. 

In  liquid  measure  the  cohi  =  13.385  gallons,  or  50.6662  litres. 
Weight,— 

4  ticals  make  1  tael. 
20  taels       "      1  catty. 
50  catties    "      1  pecul,  =  133.35  Ibs.,   or   60.488   kilo- 

grammes. 

Money. — Gold  ticals,  each  equal  to  10  silver  'ticals.  The  latter 
is  worth  about  61  cents,  United  States  coinage. 

Siberia.     See  RUSSIA. 

Sicily*     See  also  NAPLES,  and  ITALY. 

Length. — 8  palmi  =  1  canna.     The  palmo  =  9.5297  inches. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  salma  =  22  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — The  salma  generate  =7.8  bushels  ;  the  salma 
grosso  =  10  bushels. 

Weight.— The  libbra  of  12  oncie  =  0.70723  Ib.  The  rottolo 
grosso  of  33  oncie  =  1.925  Ibs. ;  the  rottolo  sottile  of  3O  oncie  — 
1.75  Ibs. 

Money. — 20  grani  =  1  taro ;  12  tari  =  1  scudo;  2-J  scudi  =  1 
oncia.  The  silver  Sicilian  scudo  of  1785  =  $0.9833.  Prior  to 
1873  the  oncia  rated  in  United  States  custom-houses  at  $2.40. 

Sierra  "Leone.     (British  Colony.) 
Society  Islands.     (French  Colony.) 

Sooloo  Archipelago* 

The  mace  =  58.33  grains.  The  tael  =  0.0833  Ib.  The  lachsa 
=  66|  Ibs.,  or  30.236  kilogrammes. 

Soudan.     Bee  EGYPT. 

South  Australia.     See  AUSTRALIA. 


70  SPAItf. 

Spain.  Colonial  Possessions. — CANARY  ISLANDS,  CUBA,  PORTO 
Rico,  etc. ;  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS,  part  of  NEW  GUINEA.  See 
also  BALEARIC  ISLANDS. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  is  now  the  legal 
system.  Its  units  have  Spanish  names,  however,  as  "  litro,"  "  me- 
tro," etc.  The  following  tables  belong  to  the  old  system,  as  used 
in  Madrid : 

Length.—  12  puntos  =  1  linea  ;  12  lineas  =  1  pulgada  ;  6  pul- 
gadas  =  1  sestna  ;  2  sesmas  =  1  pie  (foot) ;  3  pies  =  1  vara ;  4 
varas  =  1  estadal.  The  pie  =  11.128  inches  ;  also,  9  lineas  =  1 
dedo ;  12  dedos  =.  1  palma. 

Road  Measure. — The  legua  of  8,000  varas  =  4.2151  miles. 
Surface. — The  yugada,  of  50  fanegadas,  or  460,800   square 
varas,  =  79.355  acres. 

Liquid  Measure. — 4  copas  =  1  quartillo  or  cuartillo  ;  4  quar- 
tillos  =  1  aziunbre ;  8  azumbres  =  1  arroba  mayor  or  cantara. 
This  arroba  =  4.26304  gallons,  and  is  supposed  to  contain  the 
weight  of  35  libras  of  pure  water.  The  arroba  for  oil,  divided 
into  4  quartillos  or  100  panillas, '=  only  3.31853  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — 4  ochavillos  =  1  racion  ;  4  raciones  =  1  quar- 
tillo ;  2  quartillos  =  1  medio ;  2  medios  =  1  almude  ;  12  almudes 
=  1  fanega ;  12  fanegas  =  1  cahiz.  The  fanega  =  1.599  bushels. 

Weight. — 12  granos  =  1  tomin ;  3  tomines  =  1  adarme ;  2 
adarmes  =  1  ochava  or  dracma ;  8  ochavas  =  1  onza ;  8  onzas 
=  1  marco  ;  2  marcos  =  1  libra.  The  libra  =  1.016097  Ibs.  The 
apothecaries'  libra  =  0.7615  Ib. 

25  common  libras  =  1  arroba;  .4  arrobas  =  1  quintal;  20 
quintals  =  1  tonelada. 

Money. — The  peseta  of  100  centimes  =  1  French  franc. 

Formerly,  20  reals  vellon,  or  lOf  reals  of  plate,  made  1  duro, 
piastre,  or  dollar.  Also,  10  reals  made  1  escudo ;  each  real  being 
divided  into  10  declines. 


SWEDEN. 


71 


COIN    TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Doblon    10  escudos                           .... 

Gold. 

Si  ver. 
Br  nze. 

129.411 
129.984 
51.764 

25.882 
128.640 
103.200 

900 
896 
900 
900 
896 
896} 

$5.1678 
5.0150 
2.0088 
1.0019 
4.9640 
3.8G10 
4.9861 
16.1154 
1.0100 
0.96UO 
0.5049 
0.2020 
0.1780 
0.1010 
0.0505 
0.0252 
0.0126 
0.0050 
0.00-^6 

"          "        "      By  U.  S.  mint  assay. 

2    "                        

100  reals.    By  U.  8.  mint  assay  
80      "          "        u      "         "      

Recent  duro  or  dollar.    2  escudos  
Dollar  of  5  pesetas.  By  U.  S.  mint  assay. 

400.563 
384.000 
200.281 
80.113 
76.800 
40.057 
20.028 
192.900 
96.450 
38.580 
19.290 

900 
900 
900 
810 
885 
810 
810 

Peseta.    Former  

"          Present.    By  U.  S.  mint  assay. 

j>eal                                                 

Medio  real.        \  Th           .      contain  95 

££?•     f  fflSper'4tto- 

Media-decima.  )     and    zmc' 

Sumatra. 

Length. — 2  jankal  =  1  etto  ;  2  etto  =  1  hailoh  ;  4  hailoh  =  1 
tung.  The  tung  =  4  yards,  or  12  feet.  , 

Capacity.— The  koolah  =  0.1173  bushel.  The  pakha=: 0.14535 
gallon. 

Weight. — The  catty  =  2.118  Ibs. ;  the  maund,  77  Ibs. ;  the  pe- 
cul,  133^  Ibs. ;  the  candil,  423|  Ibs.  For  camphor,  the  ootan=4  Ibs. 

Surinam.     See  GUIANA. 
Sweden.     See  also  NORWAY. 

The  systems  here  are  decimal,  but  based  upon  former  units. 
Length. — 10  linien  make  1  turn. 

10  turn       "      1  fot,  =  11.679    inches,    or    0.2966 

metre. 

10  fot         "      1  stang. 
10  stang    "      1  ref. 

Surface. — The  square  ref,  of  10,000  square  fot,  =  0.2175  acre, 
or  8.8007  ares. 

.  Capacity. — In  both  wet  and  dry  measure  cubes  of  the  measures 
of  length  are  used ;  as,  the  cubic  turn,  cubic  fot,  etc.  In  both  wet 
and  dry  measures  the  canna  is  -fa  of  a  cubic  fot,  and  equals 


72 


SWITZERLAND. 


2.617188  litres.     In  dry  measure  this  =  0.7428  bushel.     In  liquid 
measure  it  =  0.6914  gallon. 

Weights.— 100  korns        make  1  ort. 

100  orta  "      1  skalpund,  =  0.93379  lb.,   or 

423.57  grammes. 
100  skalpunds  make  1  centner. 
100  centners       "      1  last. 

Money. — 100  ore  make  1  riksdaler-ryksmint,  or  crown.  The 
former  riksdaler  silfver  was  48  skillings  of  12  ore  each.  The 
crown  now  rates  in  United  States  custom-houses  at  $0.268.  The 
riksdaler,  prior  to  1873,  rated  at  $1.06. 

COIN    TABLE. 


COINS. 

Weight. 

Material. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Gold. 

214.909 

976 

$9.0420 

Two      "    

107.455 

976 

45210 

Ducat 

u 

53  727 

976 

2  2005 

"         By  U.  S  mint  assay  

« 

58.280 

975 

2.2370 

Carolin  (10  francs).  By  U.  S.  mint  assay. 

it 

Silver 

49.920 
523  531 

900 
750 

1.9350 
1  10:>3 

J-Kiksdaler  silfver    

261.765 

750 

05512 

u 

130  887 

750 

02756 

"          By  U.  S.  mint  assay. 
r  riksdaler  silfver.    10-ore 

131.040 
52353 

750 
750 

0.2730 
0  1102 

"            "            6-ore 

00551 

2-ore.  .. 

00220 

Ore 

u 

00110 

j-ore  

u 

0.0055 

Switzerland* 

Prior  to  1856,  almost  every  canton  in  Switzerland  had  its  own 
system  of  weights  and  measures.  The  present  uniform  system  is 
upon  a  semi-metric  basis. 

Length. — 10  traits  make  1  ligne. 


10  lignes     ' 
10  pouces  " 
timetres. 
2  pieds      " 

2  braches  " 

3  aunes     " 


1  pouce. 

1  pied,  =  11.8112  inches,  or  30  cen- 

1  brache. 
1  aune. 
1  toise. 


The  perche  =  10  pieds. 


TRINIDAD.  73 

Road  Measure. — The  lieue  of  16,000  pieds  =  2.983  miles,  01 
4.8  kilometres. 

Surface. — The  arpent,  400  pieds  square,  =  3.558  acres,  or  1.44 
hectares. 

Liquid  Measure. — 

25  pots  make  1  setier. 
4  setiers  "      1  muid. 

The  pot  is  subdivided  into  fa  £,  and  $•.  It  represents  -jV  cubic 
pied,  or  the  bulk  of  3  livres  weight  of  pure  water  at  the  tempera- 
ture  of  4°  Centigrade.  The  pot  =  1.585  quarts,  or  1.5  litres. 

Dry  Measure. — 10  emines  make  1  quateron  (usually  divided 
into  \  and  T^).  10  quaterons  make  1  sac. 

There  is  a  double  quateron  also.  The  quateron,  f  of  a  cubic 
pied,  is  the  volume  of  30  livres  of  pure  water  at  4°  Centigrade.  It 
is  equal  to  0.425 Y  bushel,  or  15  litres.  . 

Weight. —  The  livre  or  pfund  of  the  Zollverein  is  used,  equal 
to  1.1023  Ibs.,  or  500  grammes.  100  livres  make  1  quintal.  2 
loth  =  1  once ;  16  onces  =  1  livre. 

The  livre  of  pharmacy  =375  grammes,  and  is  divided  into  12 
onces,  and  these  again  are  subdivided  into  drachmes,  scrupules, 
and  grains,  as  in  England. 

Money. — 100  rappen  make  1  franc.  This  franc  is  tiie  exact 
equivalent  of  the  French  franc.  See  FRANCE. 

By  United  States  mint  assay,  the  silver  2-franc  piece  of  Swit. 
zerland  weighs  153.6  grains,  is  835  fine,  and  worth  $0.356. 

Syria.     See  TURKEY. 
Tahiti.     See  SOCIETY  ISLANDS. 
Tasmania.     Like  AUSTRALIA. 
Tobago.     See  WEST  INDIES. 
ronquin.     See  ANNAM. 
Tortola.     See  WEST  INDIES. 

Trinidad.     See  WEST  INDIES. 
7 


74  TRIPOLI. 

Tripoli. 

BARCA  and  FEZZAN  have  the  same  weights  and  measures. 
Length.— <The  dra'a  or  pik  of  3  palmi        26.42  inches.     The 
arbi  dra'a  or  lesser  pik      19.029  inches. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  mataro,  for  oil,  6.163  gallons. 
Dry  Measure. — 

4  orbahs  make  1  temen. 

4  temen      "      1  ueba  or  hueba,       3.0452  bushels. 
Also,  20  tiberi  1  cafiso,  1.152  bushels. 

Weight. — 16  kharoubas  make  1  drachma. 
10  drachmas       "      1  uckia. 
16  uckias  "      1  rotl. 

100  rotls  "      1  cantaro,       109.714  Ibs. 

Also,  40  oke      "      1  cantaro  or  kantar. 
The  metical,  for  gold  and  silver,      73.6  grains. 

Money. — 100  para  1  gersh  (plural,  gurush).  The  gersh  =s 
=  $0.1046.  Under  Mahmoud  II.  (1808)  the  gersh  =  $0.1865. 
The  mahbub  of  20  piastres  =  $0.8709  in  United  States  custom- 
houses. 

Tunis. 

Length. — The  dra'a  hendaseh,  for  woolen  goods,  26.49  inches. 
The  pik,  for  linen,  18.62  inches ;  for  silk  24.83  inches. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  metter  or  mitre      2.6417  gallons. 

Dry  Measure. — The  cafiz  or  caffiso  14.0753  bushels. 

Weight. — 16  uckia  make  1  rotl  or  rottolo,  1.1175  Ibs. 

For  meat,  etc.,  the  rotl  suekyl.2532  Ibs.,  and  the  rotl  ghredari 
for  vegetables  1.4098  Ibs.     The  cantaro  100  rotl. 

For  gold  and  silver,  the  metical       59.7  grams. 

Money. — 16  kharoubas  make  1  piastre,  $0.1286.  In  United 
States  customs  it  rates  at  $0.125. 

The  gold  25-piastre  piece,  by  United  States  mint  assay,  weighs 
77.28  grains,  is  900  fine,  and  worth  $2.9954.  The  silver  5-piastres 
(same  authority)  weighs  245.28  grains,  is  898£  fine,  and  worth 
$0.612. 


TURKEY.  V5 

Turkestan. 

Length. — The  hasch  =  28  inches,  or  0.711  metre. 
Weight. — 8  seer  make  1   batmaun,  =  276.41  Ibs.,  or  125.88 
kilogrammes. 

Money. — 14  pools  make  1  tenga. 

21  tengas    "     1  tilla,  =  $2.7155. 

Turkey. 

In  Turkey  (both  European  and  Asiatic)  the  weights  and  meas* 
ures  vary  in  the  different  provinces,  and  with  the  nature  of  the 
substances  to  be  measured.  The  following  system  is  that  used  in 
Constantinople  : 

Length. — Builders'  and  surveyors'  scale — 
12  nocktats  make  1  hatt. 
12  hatts  "       1  parmack. 

24  parmacks    "       1  archine,  =  29.528  inches,  or  75 

centimetres. 
Scale  for  measuring  cloths — 

2  guirahs   make  1  ouroub. 

8  ouroubs      "       1  endaseh,= 25.7  inches,  or  0.6523 

metre. 

At  Smyrna  the  endaseh  =  24.65  inches,  and  the  pic  =  26.29 
inches.  The  pic  =  26.63  inches  at  Aleppo,  and  22.83  inches  at 
Damascus. 

Capacity. — 4  chiniks  make  1  kilo,  =  1.00075  bushels,  or  35.26 

litres. 

4  kilos        "      1  fortin. 
For  liquids,  the  almud  =  1.381  gallons. 
Weight.  —  4  karats  make  1  deuke. 

4  deukes     "      1  dirhem  or  drachm. 
100  dirhem     "      1  chequi. 
4  chequis   "      1  oke  or  occa,  =  2.8337    Ibs.,    or 

1285.4  grammes. 

44  okes  *make   1  kantar  or  cantaro. 

In  Asia  Minor  and  Syria  there  is  also  the  batman  of  6  okes. 
Also  the  rottolo,  which  ranges  from  1.2656  Ibs.  at  Smyrna  to  5.0643 
Ibs.  at  Aleppo. 


TUSCANY. 


Money. — 40  paras  make  1  piastre.  The  piastre  is  also  divided 
into  100  aspers.  Its  value  is  $0.04325.  United  States  custom- 
house  rate,  $0.0439. 


COIN    TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Gold 

557  552 

9164- 

$21  6250 

250        "      '  "    ykiyuslyk  

27S.T76 

916j- 

10  8125 

100        "        "   yusilykrnedjid 

111  224 

9164- 

4  3250 

100        "            By  U.  8.  mint  assay.... 
50        "        "  ellyklyk 

110.880 
55612 

915 
916J 

4.3700 
2  1625 

25        "        "  yirmibechlyk  

27.'806 

916* 

1.0812 

20        "        "  yrinilykmedjid  
20        "            By  U.  8.  mint  assay  
10        «        "  onlyk         

Silver. 

371.224 
369.600 
185.612 

830 
830 
830 

0.8650 
O.S520 
0  4325 

5        "        "  bcchelyk 

92.806 

830 

0  2162 

2        "        "  ikylyk  

37.194 

880 

0.0365 

18.597 

830 

0  0432 

9298 

830 

0  0'216 

40  paras  (  —  1  piastre)  

Br  nze. 

331.360 

0  0432 

20      "                              . 

165.680 

0  0216 

10      " 

82  840 

0  0108 

41.420 

0.0054 

Para    

8.284 

0.0011 

Tuscany,     (Florence  and  Leghorn.)     See  also  ITALY. 

Length. — 12  denari  =  1  soldo;  10  soldi  =  1  palmo;  2  palmi 
=:  1  braccio;  4  braccia  =  I  canna.  The  palmo  =  11.49  inches. 
The  architect's  canna  =  5  braccia. 

Road  Measure. — The  miglio  of  2,833^-  braccia  =  1.0277  miles. 

Surface. — The  saccato  of  16,500  square  braccia  =  1.389  acres. 

Liquid  Measure. — For  wine,  etc.,  2  quartucci  =  1  mezzetta ;  2 
mezzette  =  1  boccale ;  2  boccale  —  1  fiasco ;  20  fiasci  =  1  barile. 
The  barile  =  12.0444  gallons,  and  should  weigh  133^  libbre.  The 
barile  of  spirits  weighs  120  libbre.  For  oil,  the  barile  is  only  16 
fiasci,  and  weighs  120  libbre.  2  barile  of  oil  =  1  soma. 

Dry  Measure. — 2  bussoli  =  1  quartuccio ;  2  quartucci  =  1 
mezzetta  ;  2  mezzette  =  1  metadella  ;  4  metadelle  =  1  quarto ;  2 
quarti  =  1  mina  ;  2  mine  =  1  stajo ;  3  staja  =  1  sacco  ;  8  sacci  = 
1  moggio.  The  moggio  =  16.5904  bushels. 

Weight. — 24  grani  =  1  denaro  ;  3  denari  =  1  dramma  ;  8 
dramme  =  1  oncia  ;  12  oncie  =  1  libbra.  The  libbra  —  0.7486  Ib. 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA.  77 

Money. — 100  centesimi  =  1  lira.  Lira  =  $0.1637.  Formerly 
rated  in  United  States  custom-houses  at  $0.16.  The  deni  of  10 
lire  =  $1.6341.  The  francescone,  of  10  paoli  or  4  fiorini  (before 
1839),  =  $1.0904.  The  fiorino  or  florin  (before  1850)  =  $0.2728. 
In  Lucca,  the  silver  5-lire  nuove  Leucchesi  of  1840  =  $0.7221. 

United  States  of  America. 

In  weights  and  measures,  the  United  States  differs  but  little 
from  GREAT  BRITAIN.  By  an  act  of  Congress,  passed  in  1866,  the 
metric  system  was  legalized,  but  as  yet  it  has  not  come  into  use. 
Some  of  the  units  in  this  country  are  slightly  varied  from  the  true 
units,  however,  as  for  instance  the  metre,  which  is  really  39.37079 
inches,  is  legalized  at  39.37  inches.  These  variations  will  be  given 
in  their  proper  places  below. 

Length. — The  ordinary  system  as  in  GREAT  BRITAIN.  In  the 
metric  system  the  metre  is  legal  at  39.37  inches.  The  standard  of 
length  is  a  brass  copy  of  the  English  standard  yard,  by  Troughton 
of  London,  and  is  deposited  in  the  office  of  weights  and  measures 
at  Washington.  The  scale  is  82  inches  long,  the  standard  yard 
being  from  the  27th  to  the  63d  inch.  At  62°  Fahr.  it  exceeds 
the  true  British  standard  yard  by  0.00087  inch. 

Surface.—  As  hi  GREAT  BRITAIN.  The  hectare  is  legal  at  2.471 
acres,  and  the  are  at  119.6  square  yards. 

Cubic  Measure. — For  wood,  16  cubic  feet  make  1  cord  foot, 
and  8  cord  feet  make  1  cord. 

Shipping  Measure. — 40  cubic  feet  make  1  United  States  ship- 
ping ton.  100  cubic  feet  make  1  register  ton.  The  latter  value 
is  merely  to  facilitate  computation.  Wheat  in  bulk  is  a  good 
standard  of  comparison,  since  the  long  ton  of  2,240  pounds  of 
this  grain  occupies  just  about  40  cubic  feet.  The  register  tonnage 
of  a  vessel  represents  her  entire  internal  capacity.  Her  real  car- 
rying  capacity  for  cargo  is,  however,  20  to  25  per  cent,  less  than 
this ;  so  that  her  actual  measurement  cargo  hi  shipping  tons  is 
from  l£  to  2  times  the  number  indicated  hi  the  register. 

Liquid  Measure. — The  standard  is  the  Winchester  gallon  of 
231  cubic  inches.  In  GREAT  BRITAIN  the  imperial  gallon  13 
277.274  cubic  inches.  Hence  the  imperial  gallon  =  1.2003  United 


78  UNITED  STATES   OF  AMERICA. 

States  gallons.     The  litre  is  legal  at  1.0567  quarts.     The  follow, 
iiig  table  is  the  usual  one  for  wine  measure  : 


(hhd.) 


4  gills 

make  1  pint.        (pt.) 

2  pints 

"       1  quart,     (qt.) 

4  quarts 

"      1  gallon    (gal.) 

42  gallons 

"      1  tierce. 

63      " 

"      1  hogshead.     (I 

84      " 

"      1  puncheon. 

26      " 

"      Ipipe. 

152      " 

"      1  tun. 

10      " 

"      1  anker. 

18      " 

"      1  runlet. 

314    " 

"      1  barrel,     (bbl. 

In  some  of  the  States  32  gallons  make  a  barrel.  Beer  measure 
as  in  GREAT  BRITAIN.  Apothecaries'  measure  also  as  in  GREAT 
BRITAIN,  except  that  its  gallon  and  subdivisions  are  of  the  Win- 
chester scale. 

Dry  Measure. — The  bushel  is  2150.42  cubic  inches,  that  of 
ENGLAND  being  2218.192  cubic  inches.  Hence  the  imperial 
bushel  =  1.0315  United  States  bushels.  In  dry  measure  the  litre 
is  legal  at  0.908  quart.  The  following  is  the  usual  table  : 

2  pints      make  1  quart. 

4  quarts       "      1  gallon  of  268.8  cubic  inches.  ^ 
2  gallons     "      1  peck.       (pk.) 
4  pecks        "      1  bushel,  (bush.) 
36  bushels     "      1  chaldron.     (For  coke  and  coal.) 

Weight. — The  three  scales,  avoirdupois,  troy,  and  apothecaries', 
are  the  same  as  in  GREAT  BRITAIN.  The  standard  avoirdupois 
pound  of  the  United  States,  copied  from  the  British  standard,  is 
0.00734  grain  too  heavy.  The  gramme  is  legal  at  15.432  grains, 
and  the  kilogramme  at  2.2046  Ibs.  For  postal  purposes,  at  pres- 
ent, 15  grammes  is  reckoned  the  equivalent  of  the  half-ounce.  As 
for  the  ton,  in  some  States  it  rates  at  2,240  Ibs.,  and  in  others  at 
only  2,000.  The  latter  value  is  the  more  usual  and  the  more  ra- 
tional one. 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


79 


Money. —        10  mills  make  1  cent. 
10  cents      "      1  dime. 
10  dimes     "      1  dollar. 
10  dollars  "      1  eagle. 

In  the  West  and  South,  12^-  cents  make  a  bit.  In  New  York 
this  sum  is  called  a  shilling.  The  shilling  of  the  New  England 
States  is  16-jj-  cents.  These  values,  however,  are  not  legal. 

The  present  nickel  five-cent  piece  represents  the  metric  sys- 
tem ;  being  2  centimetres  in  diameter,  and  weighing  5  grammes. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 


Double-eagle.  $20 Gold.     516.000 

Eagle.   $10.     Before  July  31, 1834     ....         A  270.000 

Since      "      "      "        ....      I S  B-  258.000 

t-Eagle.  $5.      Before    "      «      "        ....      jt-2  135.000 

Since      "      "      "        *;..  "fll  129.000 

i-Eagle.$2.50.  Before    "      "      "       ....      5*1  67.500 

Since      "      "      "        ....      a|  64.500 

Three  dollars 77.400 

One  dollar 25.800 

Tradedollar Si  ver.     420.000 

Dollar.          Before     Jan.  18, 1837 41 6.000 

From         "      "      "  to  1853 412.500 

Half-dollar.  Before       "      "     "  208.000 

Byactof  "      "      "   208.000 

Since  March  31, 1853 192.000 

"            By  act  of  1878,  weighs  12|  grammes.  192.900 

Quarter-dollar.    Before      Jan.  18, 1837 104.000 

Byactof     "      "      "     103.125 

"               Since  March  31. 1858 96.400 

"              Act  of  1873,  weighs  6±  grammes  96.450 

Dime.  Before      Jan.  18, 1837 41.600 

"       By  act  of    "      "      "    41.250 

"        Since  March  31, 1853    38.400 

"        By  act  of  1873,  weighs  2|  grammes 38.580 

Half-dime.    Before       Jan.  18, 1837 20.800 

Byactof    "     "      " 20.625 

"             Since  March  31, 1853 19.200 

Three-cent  piece.    Before  1853 12.375 

"            "         Since      "     11.520 

Five-cent       "         Copper  and  nickel Alloy.      77.1 60 

Three  cent     "             "          "         "      "            80.000 

Two-cent       "         Copper,  tin,  and  zinc Bronze.     96.000 

Cent.    Weight  variable  for  different  dates Copper. 

"        Copper  and  nickel Alloy.      72.000 

"        Copper,  tin,  and  zinc Bronze.     48.000 

Half-cent.     Obsolete.    Weight  variable Copper 


Weight. 


Fineness. 


900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 


900 
900 
900 


80  URUGUAY. 

The  following  tables  give  the  standard  weight  and  least  current 
weight  of  gold  coins,  both  singly  and  in  sums. 

1.  In  sums.     Coins  over  $1.00  in  value : 

Sum  of  $100.  Standard,  5.375  oz.  Least  current  weight,  5.348  oz. 

"  $500.  "  26.875  "  "  "  "  26.741  " 

11  $1,000.  "  53.760  "  "  "  "  53.481  " 

"  $5,000.  "  268.750  "  "  "  "  267.407  " 
Of  the  gold  dollar,  5,000  pieces  are  current  when  weighing  not 

less  than  266.145  ounces  troy. 

2.  Single  coins : 

Name  of  Coin.  Standard.  Least  Current  Weight. 

Double-eagle,  516.0  grains,  513.42  grains. 

Eagle,  258.0       "  256.71       " 

Half-eagle,  129.0       "  128.36       " 

Quarter-eagle,  64.5       "  64.18       " 

Three  dollars,  77.4      "  77.02      " 

Dollar,  25.8       "  25.55       " 

Uruguay. 

Weights  and  measures  of  Spanish  origin. 

The  fanega  =  7.776  bushels,  or  274  litres. 

The  libra     =  1.014286  Ibs. 

In  money,  the  patacon  rates  in  United  States  custom-houses  at 
$0.9498. 

Van  Piemen's  Land*     See  TASMANIA. 

Venetian  Lombard?.     (VENICE  and  MILAN.)    See  also  ITALY. 

Length. — 12  atomi  =  1  punto;  12  punti  =  1  oncia;  12  oncie 
=  1  braccio.  Also,  2  piede  —  1  braccio.  The  pie"  =  15.61  inches 
at  Milan,  and  13.69  at  Venice.  The  metre  and  its  divisions  are 
also  used,  under  Italian  names. 

Road  Measure. — The  miglio  =  1  kilometre,  or  0.6214  mile. 

Surface. — 100  square  palmi  make  1  tornatura,  =  1  are,  or 
0.0247  acre.  Also,  1  campo  =  0.6881  acre. 

Capacity. — 10  coppi  =  1  pinta ;  10  pinte  =  1  mina ;  10  mine 
=  1  soma.  The  pinta  is  the  French  litre,  or  0.26418  gallon. 


WEST  INDIES.  81 

Weight. — 10  grani  =  1  denaro;  10  denari  =  1  grosso ;  10 
gross!  =  1  oncia ;  10  oncie  =  1  libbra  metrica,  or  kilogramme. 
This  libbra  =  2.2046  Ibs.  10  libbre  =  1  rubbio. 

For  gold  and  silver,  24  grani  =  1  denaro ;  24  denari  =  1  on- 
cia; 8  oncie  =  1  marco.  The  marco  =  7.5562  troy  ounces. 

Money. — 5  centesimi  =  1  soldo  Austriaca  ;  20  soldi  =  1  lira. 
This  lira  =  20  Austrian  kreuzers  ;  hence,  3  lire  =  1  Austrian 
florin. 

In  gold,  the  sovrano  =  $6.778.  The  zecchino,  or  sequin,  by 
French  mint  assay,  is  worth  $2.2704. 

In  silver,  the  scudo  nuove  =  $1.0109  ;  the  scudo  Cisalpine  = 
$0.8971 ;  and  the  croisat,  6r  scudo  della  croce  of  the  Venetian 
Republic,  =  $1.2839.  The  Filippo  of  Milan  (1786)  =  $1.1408 

Venezuela* 

Weights  and  measures  of  Spanish  origin. 

The  vara      =  32.874  inches,  or  0.835  metre. 

The  arroba  =  17.052  quarts,  or  16.137  litres. 

The  quintal  of  4  arrobas  =  101.4381  Ibs.,  or  46.012  kilo 
grammes. 

The  peso  of  100  centajos  =  $0.7836.  In  United  States  cus- 
torn-houses  it  rates  at  $0.7773. 

Victoria.     See  AUSTRALIA. 
Wallachia.     See  ROUMANIA. 
West  Australia.     See  AUSTRALIA. 

West  Indies. 

1.  SPANISH. —  Cuba,  Porto  jRico,  Isle  of  Pines,  and  Culebra. 

2.  FRENCH. — Martinique,  Deseada,  Guadeloupe,  Marie  Galante. 
Les  Saintes,  and  part  of  St.  Martin. 

8.  SWEDISH. — St.  Bartholomew. 

4.  DUTCH. — Part  of  St.  Martin,  Buen  Ayre,  Curacoa,  Oruba^ 
and  Tortuga. 

5.  DANISH. — Santa  Cruz,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  Jan  or  John. 


82  WURTEMEEEQ. 

6.  BRITISH. — Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Grenada,  Santa  Lucia,  St. 
Vincent,  Trinidad,  Tobago,  Antigua,  Barbuda,  Dominica,  Nevis, 
Montserrat,  St.  Kitfs,  Tortola,  the  Bahamas,  and  various  minor 
islands. 

7.  INDEPENDENT. — Hayti,  including  the  separate  republic  of 
Santo  Domingo. 

In  the  SPANISH  WEST  INDIES,  SPANISH  weights  and  measures 
are  used,  with  slight  variations.  The  vara  =  83.375  inches.  The 
fanega  =  3.12367  bushels.  The  arroba  =  4.1  gallons. 

In  money,  the  peso  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Kico  now  rates  in 
United  States  custom-houses  at  $0.9258. 

In  the  FRENCH  possessions,  the  old  weights  and  measures  of 
France  are  used.  In  MARTINIQUE,  the  aune  =  1.30148  yards;  the 
barique  =  50  gallons;  the  livre  =  1.079176  Ibs. ;  the  carre  = 
3.1909  acres.  LES  SAINTES  has  the  BRITISH  system. 

In  ST.  BARTHOLOMEW,  SWEDISH  values  are  used. 

In  the  DANISH  possessions  the  weights  and  measures  are  those 
of  DENMARK  ;  although  ENGLISH  standards  of  length  are  also  used. 

In  the  DUTCH  WEST  INDIES,  except  CURA^OA,  the  weights  and 
measures  of  HOLLAND  are  employed.  CuRAgoA  has  a  SPANISH  sys- 
tem, hi  which  the  vara  =  33.375  inches. 

In  the  BRITISH  possessions,  the  weights  and  measures  are 
practically  those  of  the  UNITED  STATES.  In  Jamaica,  102.023  gal- 
lons make  a  puncheon.  The  pound  of  Jamaica  rates  in  United 
States  custom-houses  at  $4.865. 

In  HAYTI  and  SANTO  DOMINGO  are  still  the  old  French  weights 
and  measures,  as  in  the  FRENCH  WEST  INDIES.  The  dollar  of 
HAYTI  is  the  same  in  value  as  the  dollar  of  the  UNITED  STATES. 

Wwrtemberg.     See  also  GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

Length. — 10  punkte  =  1  linie  ;  10  linien  =  1  zoll ;  10  zoll  =  1 
fuss ;  10  fuss  =  1  ruthe.  The  klafter  is  6  fuss.  The  fuss  =  11.26 
inches,  and  the  Stuttgart  elle  =  24.18  inches. 

Surface. — The  morgen  of  38,400  square  fuss  =  0.7789  acre. 

Liquid  Measure. — 4  schoppen  =  1  mass  ;  10  mass  =  1  immi; 
16  immi  =  1  eimer  ;  6  eimer  =  1  fuder.  The  mass  =  0.4853  gal. 
to. 


ZANZIBAR. 


83 


Dry  Measure. — 4  viertlein  =  1  ecklein ;  2  ecklein  =  1  mass- 
lein  ;  2  masslein  =  1  achtel ;  2  achtel  =  1  viertel ;  4  viertel  =  I 
simri ;  8  simri  =  1  scheffel.  The  scheffel  =  5.0292  bushels. 

Weight. — As  in  the  Zollverein,  whose  pfund  is  500  grammes. 
For  gold  and  silver,  the  mark  =  233.855  grammes.  The  apothe- 
caries' pfund  (subdivided  as  hi  Germany  generally)  —  357.6337 
grammes. 

Money. — 60  kreuzers  =  1  florin  ;  5f  florins  =  1  ducat. 

COIN   TABLE. 


COINS. 

Material. 

Fineness. 

Value. 

Vierfache  iubilaums-dukaten        

Gold 

986 

$9  4S98 

4  5410 

Dukaten  .                        .          

H 

986 

2.3725 

Doppeltevereinsthaler                    

Silver 

900 

1.4409 

900 

0.8252 

H 

900 

0.7204 

Gulden  or  florin                         •.  

ti 

900 

0.4126 

Half-gulden                                                

• 

0.2068 

6-kreuzer    ....         

BiUon. 

383  \ 

0.0413 

3        "                          

167| 

0.0206 

1        «                                             

H 

0.0069 

Cooper. 

0.0084 

^vyyoi 

0.0017 

Yucatan*     See  MEXICO. 

Zanzibar. 

Length. — The  ohra  =  22.48  inches,  or  0.571  metre. 

Capacity. — The  djezla  =  7.305  bushels,  or  257.4  litres. 

Weight. — The  bazla  =  34.226  Ibs.,  or  15.525  kilogrammes. 
The  mane  =  3.0071  Ibs.  The  franzella  of  36  rotoli  =  35.2822  Ibs. 

Money. — The  Austrian  "  Maria  Theresa  thaler  "  is  here  knowt 
KB  the  "  Janurio  dollar." 


PART    SECOND. 


I.  — MEASURES    OF    LENGTH. 

IN  the  following  table  the  units  of  length  of  various  nations 
are  arranged  alphabetically ;  the  value  of  each  one  being  given  in 
English  or  American  feet  or  inches,  and  in  French  metres.  The 
metre  is  now  a  legal  standard  in  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
Belgium,  Brazil,  Chili,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Egypt,  France,  Ger- 
many, Greece,  Italy,  Mexico,  Netherlands,  Spain,  and  the  United 
States.  After  January  1,  1875,  it  will  also  be  the  standard  in 
Austria, 

Any  value  in  feet  may  be  converted  into  Russian  sachines  by 
simply  dividing  by  seven. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  laches. 

Metre*. 

Adv  .  .  . 

Malabar  Coast.... 

10.460     Inches. 

0.26568 

itr:;:  ;        :;   :: 

Denmark  

24.716           " 

0.62777 

Iceland  

22.470            " 

0  57073 

u 

Norway  

23  3808          " 

0  59386 

Arbi  dra'a 

Tripoli 

19  029            " 

048333 

Archin  arisch  

"      schah 

Persia  

38.28             " 
31.46             " 

0.97229 
0.79907 

Russia  

28  00             " 

071119 

Servia  

28  00             " 

0  71119 

M 

Turkey  

29.5281          " 

0.75000 

Anne  

Martinique  

46.8533          " 

1.19005 

Switzerland.. 

47.2449          " 

120000 

Great  Britain  

0.83334        " 

0.00085 

Brae  a  

Portugal  

7.218   '      feet 

2.20007 

Braccio     .            

Ancona  

25.3333    inches. 

064346 

Genoa  

20  9535         " 

053221 

u 

Modena     .. 

22  741           " 

0  57761 

u 

Naples... 

27.508           •» 

0.69869 

86 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

0.54018 
0.78079 
0.58114 
0.69544 
0.60000 
1.73328 
2.241S5 
2.09293 
2.10934 
1  09135 
1.93639 
8.13578 
0.01000 
8.33369 
0.33837 
0.32257 
0.37489 
0.39112 
0.48259 
0.68071 
0.65957 
0.85559 
0  45719 
0.46026 
0.46989 
0.38099 
1.37157 
0.47243 

0.53136 
0.99388 
0.45719 
0.45719 
0.53085 
10.000006 
0.10000 
0.01882 
0.01773 

Braccio  di  legno 

Parma  

21.344      inches. 
80.732            " 
22.98             " 
27.38 
28.6225          " 
5.6868       feet. 
7.3553 
6.8667         " 
6.9207 
6.5334          " 
6.3531          " 
10.2965          " 
0.393708    inch. 
10.9375        feet. 
13.125     inches. 
12.7              " 
14.76             " 
12.17 
19.000            " 
26.800 
25.968           " 
14.0000          " 
18.0000          " 
12.1200          " 
18  5000          " 
15.0000          " 
27.0000 
18.6000 

20.9200          " 
39.1300 
18.0000          " 
18.0000          " 
20.9000          " 
32.80899       feet. 
3.  937079  inches 
0.7212         '• 
0.67923        " 

u 

Tuscany  

Brache  

Venice  
Switzerland  
Argentine  Confed. 

Braza  

Canna.  .            . 

Malta  

it 

Naples.            .     . 

u 

u 

Sicily  

Cavezzo  
Centimetre  

Modena  
France,  etc  

.    Cheung  ...         .... 

China. 

Chik     Official 

"        Surveyor's  
"        Commercial         . 

"      

"        Itinerary.  .   .  
Cobido,  or  covid 

it 

Mocha  

Covado  

Goa  

Portugal  

Covid,  hath,  or  haut.  

Ahmednuggur.  .  . 

/             hath,  or  haut 

Bombay 

Ceylon 

Cochin-China  
Java         

or  haut  „  
codo,  covado,  cadree, 
or  dra'a. 

Madras  
Morocco  

Muscat  
Pondicherry  
Singapore  
Surat 

or  hasta  

hath,  or  haut  
v    Decametre                . 

France,  etc  

Decimetre  

Portugal  

Dedo     

Spain. 

Derah,    deraa,     dhra'a,    and 

Duim 

Netherlands  

0.3987    inches. 
1.00000        " 
89.37079 
45.0000         " 
37.0600          " 
80.6758          " 
23.62-25          " 
32.2235 
22.772            " 
22.470            " 
22.540            " 
22.992 
22.434            " 
31.4966 
22.670            " 
23.200            " 
26.2586          «• 

0.01000 
0.02540 
1.00000 
1.14209 
0.94131 
0.77915 
0.60000 
0.81847 
0.57838 
0.57073 
0.57251 
0.58398 
0.56981 
O.SOOOO 
0.57581 
0.5S927 
0.66690 

^    Duime 

El 

Netherlands  
England  
Scotland  

u 

Elle         .... 

Austria  

Baden 

Bremen  
Brunswick  

Hamburg  
Hanover  
Hesse-Cassel  
Hesse-Darmstadt. 
Lubeck  

Prussia... 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Fe«t  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

ttlle  

Saxony 

22  296      inches 

0  56681 

Stuttgart 

24  180           " 

0  61416 

Endaseh... 

24  65             " 

0  62610 

26  08             " 

0  66242 

it 

Turkey 

25  TO             " 

0  65227 

Estadal.. 

Spain 

11  128         feet 

8  30275 

Etto  

18  0000    inches 

0  45719 

Famn 

70  1424          " 

1  78158 

^  Fan  

China 

0  18125        " 

0  00333 

Fathom  

Great  Britain 

1  82871 

Favn  

74  148      Inches 

1  88381 

Feldfuss.    See  fuss  . 

Fod  

Denmark 

12  358            " 

0  31389 

Foot.  . 

Great  Britain 

12  000           " 

0  30476 

Malta 

11.17             " 

0  28871 

it 

United  States 

12,000            " 

0  80476 

Fot  

11  6*>04         " 

0  296()3 

Sweden 

11  679           " 

0  29664 

Foute  

Russia 

12  0000          " 

0  804761 

Fuss...   . 

Austria 

12  4456          " 

0  316111 

Baden 

11  611            " 

0  30000 

u 

Bavaria  

11  490           " 

0  29184 

Bremen 

1  1  886           " 

0  28919 

Werkschuh 

Frankfort 

11  205           " 

0  28460 

Feldfuss  

14  006           " 

0  35575 

Hamburg 

11  27             u 

0  28626 

11  496           " 

0  29199 

Waldfuss....     . 

Hesse-Cassel  . 

11.324           " 

0  2«763 

Hesse-Darmstadt 

98427          " 

0  25000 

Lubeck 

11  835           " 

0  28790 

11  880            " 

0  80174 

Kbeinfuss    . 

Prussia   . 

12.357           " 

0  81386 

Saxony 

11  148           " 

0  2°816 

u 

Wurtemberg  

11.260           " 

0.28599 

Gez.    See  guz. 

Gheriah 

Bengal 

225             " 

0  05715 

Gon  

Annam  

639.498          feet. 

194.91606 

Grao 

Portugal 

0.1808       inch. 

0.00458 

Guerze,  or  gueza.  .  .  

37.89       inches. 

0.94969 

Guirah  

Turkey  

1.6062         " 

0.04077 

G*ujah.    kee  guz  

Guz,  or  goess 

Afghanistan 

45  6700         " 

1  16 

Bengal 

36  0000          " 

0  91438 

271800          " 

0  69086 

u 

Gujerat.  .     . 

28.3384          " 

0.59266 

U 

Mocha 

24.9998          " 

0.68498 

Mysore 

38  2000          " 

0.97026 

Hailoh  

Sumatra  ......... 

30.0000          u 

0.91438 

Hand    

Great  Britain  .  .  . 

4.0000          " 

0.10160 

Hasch                     

Turkestan 

28.0000          u 

0.71119 

Hasta     See  eovid 

Hatt 

Turkey 

01025          u 

0  00260 

Haut,  or  hath.  See  also  eovid 

Masulipatan  
Mysore 

19.1250          " 
19.1000          " 

0.4857T  - 
0.4S518 

France  etc 

326  0899        feet 

100  00000 

Inc... 

Japan  

6.25             " 

1.90624 

88 


MEASURES   OF  LENGTH. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

0.02540 
3.65753 
0.22859 
0.00635 
0.91438 
0.00635 
0.36575 
8.74897 
0.96101 
0.67131 
1000.00000 
1.89667 
1.80000 
1.75104 
1.73514 
2.50000 
1.71599 
0.73S24 
0-63143 
0.00300 
0.00212 
0.00197 
0.00229 
0.00212 
0.00219 
0.00218 
0.00206 
0.00297 
0.20319 
0.00065 
73.07448 
1.00000 
0.00100 
0.07620 
0.05714 
2.43583 
0.00022 
0.57098 
O.OS153 
0.02540 
0.07620 
0.10000 
0.27660 
0.21666 
0.19550 
0.22809 
0.26162 
0.26=367 
0.21986 
0.22349 
0.24705 
0.21199 
0.29057 
0.03125 
5.07991 
3.00000 
0.00643 

Inch  

Great  Britain  
Guinea  
Sumatra  
Bengal*  
Ionian  Isles  

1.0000      inch. 
12.0000       feet. 
9.0000  inches. 
0.250          " 
36.0DOO        " 
0.250         " 
14.400          " 
12.300        feet. 
87.836    inches. 
26.43           "• 
8280.899        feet. 
6.22278      " 
5.9056        «* 
5.765          " 
5.698    ,     •» 
8.202 
5.63              " 
29.065    inches. 
24.86 
0.11811      " 
0.08333      " 
0.07728      tt 
0.09016      u 
0.08333      u 
0.08648      * 
0.0855        " 
0.03118      " 
0.1168        " 
8.0000        " 
0.02558      " 
239.75          feet. 
89.37079  inches 
0.031)871    " 
3.00000      " 
2.2500          " 
7.9917        feet. 
0.00854  inches. 
22.48 
3.2125          " 
1.0000          " 
3.00000        " 
8.937079      " 
10.89             u 
8.5302 
7.697           " 
8.9797          " 
10.3000          u 
10.381            " 
8.656 
8.796            " 
9.5297          " 
8.S46            u 
11.49             " 
1.2308          " 
16.6667        feet. 
9.8426          " 
0.2558       inch. 

Jaktan  

Jaiikal  
Jaob  

Jarda  Ionia  

Jow 

Jamba  

Singapore.         .  .  . 

Kussaba 

Mocha 

Ken  

Siam  

Khalebi,  for  woolens.  .. 

"Rruirnania         .  .  . 

Kilometre 

France 

Klafter  

Austria  

M 

Baden                .  . 

U 

M 

Bremen    

u 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 
Wurtemberg  
Travancore 

II 

Kole  

Kot.    Tor  silk  and  linen  .  .  . 
Ligne  T^»  

Koumania  

Switzerland 

•iine 

Great  Britain  
Spain  
Portugal  

Liinea  
Linha  
lania 

Linie  

Austria  .... 

Denmark 

u 

u 

Sweden.  .  .. 

clank 

Great  Britain.... 
Annam  

Ly  

Mau                

Metre  

France  

Millimetre         

Moot 

Bengal 

Nail  

Great  Britain  
Annam 

Ngu         

Nocktat 

Turkey 

Ohra  

Zanzibar  

Ouroub. 

Turkey. 

Palgat,'  or  paulgaut  

Birinah  
Great  Britain  

Palm  

u 

Palma  

Eoumauia  
Argentine  Confed. 
Balearic  Isles  
Genoa 

Palmo.     . 

Malta 

Naples  
Portugal 

da  craveira 

Rome  
Sicily  

Tuscany.  ...... 

Parmack  

Turkey  . 

Perch.    See  rod 

Great  Britain  
Switzerland  
Annftm 

Perche  

Phan.    Cloth  measure.  .  .  , 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


89 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

Pic,  or  pik 

Abyssinia 

27.0000    inches. 
26.630 
24.92 
25.09 
26.45 
22.83 
9.0198 
22.3705 
25.5083 
29.5281 
29.0911 
26.0000 
26.42 
24.83 
11.3736 
11.126 
11.128 
15.384 
20.228 
13.485 
15.61 
20.598 
22.428 
11.592 
13.69 
11.8112 
89.37079 
16.6667        f  et. 
1.082      inc  es. 
0.0075 
1.18112 
0.00720 
0.9273 
0.0064 
7.7433        feet 
8.8716 
97.325 
8.115     inc  es. 
16.6667        f  et. 
10.2988 
9.7420 
32.80899 
12.44556 
9.8427 
9.575 
15.181 
14.980 
11.6717 
15.328 
18.0865 
12.857 
14.865 
9.3883 
7.00000        " 
11.9291    inches. 
28.975          feet. 
22.0000  inches. 

0.68579 
0.67639 
0.63296 
0.63721 
0.67182 
0.57987 
0.2545  , 
0.5682 
0;0479 
0.7500 
0.7389 
0.66039 
0.67106 
0.63067 
0.28888 
0  28259 
0.28265 
0.39075 
0.51377 
0.34251 
0.39649 
0.52305 
0.56966 
0.29443 
0.34772 
0.30000 
1.00000 
5.07991 
0.02748 
0.00019 
0.03000 
0.00018 
0.02355 
0.00017 
2.36012 
1.18006 
29.66412 
0.07912 
5.07991 
8.13885 
2.96930 
10.00000 
8.79332 
3.00000 
2.91841 
4.62704 
4.56584 
3.5574S 
4.67184 
8.98867 
8.76635 
4.63048 
2.85999 
2.13356 
0.30299 
7.30745 
0.55878 

u 

Algeria  

M 

Crete. 

U 

a 

Damascus  

"     Nile  .  .  . 

Egypt.   . 

«     native  
"     cloth. 

u 

"     builder's  
"     road  

u 

11 

u 

Morocco 

H 

Tripoli 

"     for  silk. 

Tunis  

Pie   .     . 

Argentine  Confed. 
Canary  Isles  

«  • 

Pig  

Ancona 

"   liprando  

Genoa  

u 

Milan  

u 

Modena 

u 

Parma 

A 

H 

Venice 

Pied 

Switzerland 

Piki.  

Greece    .  . 

Pole.    See  rod 

Great  Britain.... 
Portugal 

Pollegada. 

Ponto 

Pouce  

Switzerland 

Punkt  

Austria 

Pulgada  
Punto  

Spain  

Eahf  

N.  Madagascar... 
Sweden  

Eef.  

Bob,  or  robi 

Algeria 

Eod  perch  or  pole 

Great  Britain  
Denmark  

Eode  

Norway 

Eoede  .... 

Netherlands 

Euthe 

Baden  

it 

Bavaria.     . 

u 

Frankfort  

Hanover  
Hesse-Cassel  
Prussia 



Wiirtemberg  
Russia 

Sachine,  sagene,  or  sashen.  . 
Sals  
Sao 

Japan  

Saundaung,  or  royal  cubit.  . 

Birmah... 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

Scbuh  

Brunswick... 

11.285    inches 

0  28536 

Sesma  

Spain 

5564 

0  14132 

Sok  
Span  

Siam  

Bengal 

18.918 
9.0000 

0.46051 
0  22859 

Great  Britain 

9  0000 

0  22859 

Stab     S66  metre 

89  37079 

1  00000 

Hungary 

62.2278 

1  5S055 

Stadio 

66  000        feet 

20  11(544 

Stadion.    See  kilometre.  .. 

Greece        ..  .... 

8280.899 

1000  00000 

Stang                      

Sweden 

9  7325 

2  96641 

Btreep  

Netherlands    .   .  . 

0.08937    inch 

0  00100 

Strkh  

Tac 

Germany  

0.03937 

2  558 

0.00100 
0  06407 

Taim,  or  cubit.  .  

Birrnah  

18  0000        " 

0  45719 

Tchetverk 

Kussia 

7.00000      " 

0  17780 

That 

63  9498       feet 

19  49161 

Thuoc  

25  58      inches 

0  64972 

Toise 

11  8112       feet 

8  60000 

Torame  ...... 

Denmark        ... 

1.02983  inches 

0  02616 

Trait. 

0011811    " 

0  00030 

Annain  

21  3166      feet 

6  49720 

Tsun 

China. 

1  3125  inches 

0  03334 

Turn 

0  9742        " 

0  02474 

Sweden  

1.1679        " 

0  0-2966 

Tuns'  .  .  . 
Unglee  

Sumatra  
Bengal  

12.0000      feet. 
0.7500  inches. 

3.65753 

0  01905 

Vara  

Argentine  Confed 

84  1208        " 

0  86664 

Brazil  

42.7961        " 

1  .08700 

Central  America. 

32.874          " 

0  83493 

Chili 

33  867          " 

0  S4756 

Cuba  

83  375          " 

0  84771 

Curacoa  .  . 

83  375          " 

0  84771 

Mexico 

32  9              " 

0  83564 

Peru  

83.367          u 

0  84756 

48  28            " 

1  09928 

Spain      

83.884          " 

0  84794 

Venezuela 

82  874  •        " 

0  83498 

Verschok 

1  75000      " 

0  04445 

Vouah  

Siam.... 

6.306        feet 

1.92203 

Waldfuss.    See  fuss  

Werkschuh.      "        

Yan  

China.     .  . 

109  875          " 

83  3369 

Yard 

Great  Britain 

3  0000        " 

0  91438 

Zentimeter.   See  centimetre 

Germany  

0.3937     inch. 

0  01000 

Zo\\ 

Austria. 

1.03718      " 

0  02634 

Baden  

1.1811        " 

0  '03000 

u 

Bavaria 

0  9575        " 

0  09432 

0  9488        " 

0  02409 

Brunswick  

0.9362        " 

0  0->S78 

Frankfort 

0  98375      " 

0  0>:)372 

Hamburg  

0.9391        " 

0  02385 

0958          " 

0  02483 

Hesse-Cassel.  .  .. 
Liibeck  

0.9437        " 
0  9446        " 

0.02397 
0.02399 

1  0°975      " 

0  02615 

Saxony     

0.9290        " 

0.02359 

Wiirtemberg     .  . 

1  1260        " 

0  02859 

ROAD  MEASURES. 


91 


II.  —  KOAD    MEASURES. 

THE  value  of  each  unit  is  here  given  in  English  miles  and 
French  kilometres. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Miles. 

Kilometres. 

Baryd  

Arabia... 

12.0000  (about). 

19.311780 

Egypt  

13.176 

22.169923 

Coss 

Bengal.     

1.1364 

1.828826 

Seringapatam  .... 

3.6453 

5.867241 

Dam                    .       . 

0.55      (about). 

0.885123 

Estadio 

Portugal  

0.1598 

0.257168 

Farsakh  

Arabia  

8.0000 

4.827945 

Egypt  

3.444 

5.542481 

Great  Britain  .  .  . 

0.125 

0.201164 

Gavada     

Mysore  

14.5833 

23.469123 

Grenztniil    . 

5.5352 

8.91788 

Mysore  

2.7344 

4.40051 

League  

Great  Britain  

3.0000 

4.827945 

Legoa    ...             .         .... 

Portugal  

8.8358 

6.172044 

Louua 

Argentine  Confed. 

0.3-231 

0.51997 

,F 

Spain  

4.2151 

6.783424 

Li      

China  

0.3457 

0.55641 

Lieue 

Switzerland  

2.9826 

4.80000 

Ly 

Annam         

0.275 

0  442561 

Meile  

Austria  
Baden  

4.7142 
5.5234- 

7.5S6613 

8.88888 

Bavaria  

4.6143 

7.42586 

Bremen  

3.9006 

6.27729 

Brunswick  

6.7136 

10.804297 

Hamburg  

4.6807 

7.532721 

Hanover  

4.6086 

7.416626 

Lithuania  

4.9958 

8.039816 

Prussia  .        ... 

46307 

7.532721 

Saxony  

4.2227 

6.79565 

polizei 

5.6303 

9.060872 

Mglio 

Lombardy 

0  6214 

1  00000 

Naples  

1.1469 

1.845723 

Sardinia  

1.3835 

2.226487 

Tuscany  

1  0277 

1  65389 

Miil             

4.6812 

7.53352 

66422 

10.68939 

Miile 

Netherlands  

0  6214 

1  00000 

Mile  

England  

1.00000 

1.609315 

Ireland  

1.27272 

2.048219 

M 

Scotland  

1  1250 

1.810479 

Milha 

Portugal  

1  2756 

2  057348 

Mili 

Egypt 

1  148 

1  847494 

Milla     

Argentine  Confed. 

1.149 

1.849108 

Roenung  

Siam  

Birmah 

2.3886 
2  4-306 

3.84401 
3  911601 

Verst  or  Werst  

Russia  

0.6628 

1.066654 

Wegstunde         

Baden        .     .  .. 

27617 

4  44141 

SQUARE  MEASURES. 


III.  — SQUARE    MEASURES. 

THE  value  of  each   unit  is   here   given   in  English   square 
inches  or  square  feet,  and  in  square  metres. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

Square  archine  

Turkev  

6.0549      feet 

0  5625 

aune 

Switzerland 

15.5006         " 

1  4400 

0  1550     inch 

0  0001 

chile.    Mathematical 

China 

1.1959      feet. 

0  1111 

decametre 

1076  43            " 

100  0000 

decimetre  

15.5006  inches. 

0  0100 

fod  

Denmark 

1  0605      foot 

0  09834 

foot 

Great  Britain 

1  0000         " 

0  09288 

fot  

Norway 

0.9484         " 

0  08817 

0  9472         " 

0  OS799 

foute  

Eussia  

1.0000         " 

0  09288 

fuss  

Austria  
Baden  

1.0757 
0.9688         " 

0.09998 
0  09000 

a 

Bavaria 

0  9168         " 

0  08517 

« 

0  9003         " 

0  08362 

"   (werkschuh)  . 

Frankfort 

0  8719         " 

0  08099 

"  (feldfuss) 

1  3623         " 

0  12656 

Hamburg  

0;8820         " 

0  OS194 

u 

Hanover 

0  9178         " 

0  08524 

u 

Hesse-Cassel.  .  . 

0.8905         " 

0  08273 

tl 

Hesse-Darmstadt 

0  6728         " 

0  06250 

li 

Liibeck 

0  8922         " 

0  08289 

U 

Prussia  

1.0605         " 

0  09834 

u 

Saxony 

0.8638         " 

0  08018 

u 

0  8805         " 

0  08184 

Bengal  . 

9.0000         " 

0  88359 

klafter 

88  7233      feet. 

3  59732 

Baden  

34.8763         " 

3  24000 

u 

Bavaria  ... 

83.2352         " 

3  06614 

u 

81  6969         " 

2  94466 

metre        

France,  etc  ...   . 

10.7643         " 

1  00000 

millimetre 

000155    inch. 

0  000001 

palmo  

Portugal  

0.5203      foot. 

0.06565 

Spain           

0.4836         " 

0  04494 

pie 

08600         " 

0  07989 

pie  

Ancona  

1.6435         " 

0.15268 

'k  liprando 

Genoa        

2  8415         " 

0  26396 

"  manual  

Milan!!"!!!!!   !!" 

1.2628 
1.6922         " 

0.11731 
0  15721 

H 

2  9449         " 

0  27358 

u 

8.4931         " 

0  32456 

u 

Rome     .  .  . 

0  9331         " 

0  08669 

u 

1.3015         " 

0.12091 

pied  . 

Switzerland        .  . 

0.9688         " 

0  09000 

rod 

Great  Britain 

266  6222         " 

25  80538 

rode  

Denmark  

106.0549         " 

9.85238 

Norway  

94.9066         " 

8  81674 

ruthe 

Austria 

154  8930         " 

14  38912 

Baden  

96.8787         " 

9.00000 

U 

Bavaria 

91.6806         " 

8  51712 

u 

230.4628 

21.40918 

LAND  MEASURES. 


93 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metres. 

Square  ruthe 

224  4004       feet. 

20  84689 

Frankfort  

186.2286 

12.55545 

"     

Hanover  
'Hesse-Cassel 

234.9476 
171  2565 

21.82572 
15  90813 

u 

Prussia  

152.6954 

14.18539 

11 

Saxony        .... 

2-20.9682 

20  52543 

u 

Wtirtemberg. 

88  0465 

8  17958 

sachine  

Eussia  

49.0000 

4.55108 

tchuh  

Brunswick  

0.8766 

0.08148 

vara 

Argentine  Confed. 

8.0710 

0  75106 

Brazil 

12  6594 

1  17603 

u 

Central  America. 

7.5049 

0.71720 

H 

Chili    

77315 

0  71834 

m 

Cuba 

7  7354 

0  71861 

u 

Mexico  

7.5165 

0.69814 

u 

Peru         

77315 

0  71834 

II 

Portugal 

18  0080 

1  20846 

u 

Spain  
Venezuela  . 

7.7395 

75049 

0.71910 
0  71720 

Great  Britain 

9  0000 

0"  83592 

zoll  

Austria  

1.0757     in  h. 

0.00069 

Baden  

1.3950 

0.00090 

H 

Bavaria 

09168 

0  00059 

It 

Bremen  

0  9003 

0.00058 

u 

Brunswick  

0.8766 

0  00056 

u 

Frankfort 

0  8719 

0  00056 

It 

0  8820 

0  00057 

H 

H  anover  

0.9178 

0.00059 

"        

Hesse-Cassel  
Lubeck  

0.8905 
0.8922 

0.00057 
0.00057 

u 

Prussia  

1.0605 

0.00068 

"       

Saxony  
Wiirtemberg.  .... 

0.8638 
1.2679 

0.00055 
0.00082 

IV.  — LAND   MEASURES. 

HERE  the  value  of  each  measure  is  given  in  English  acres  and 
in  French  ares. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Acres. 

Ares. 

Hesse-Cassel  

0.5897 

28  8610 

Acre 

1.0000 

40  4629 

H 

United  States  .  . 

1.0000 

40.4629 

Ar  

Are 

Germany  
France 

0.0247 
0.0247 

1.0000 
1  0000 

Lower  Canada  .  .  . 

0.8449 

84.1912 

*Tk 

Switzerland... 

3.5568 

144.0000 

LAND  MEASURES. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Acres. 

Ares. 

Bifgah  

Bengal  

0.3306 
0  6074 
O.T009 
0.7528 
2.4714 
0.6S81 
1.0047 
1.3223 
0.00025 
0.00103 
0.0165 
2.6997 
0.4315 
1.5871 
1.0382 
0.15165 
1.4287 
0.9393 
2.4714 
2.4714 
1.4223 

13.3770 
24.5772 
28.3605 
30.4605 
100.0000 
27.8425 
40.6531 
53.5042 
0.0100 
0.0417 
0.6676 
119.2498 
17.4597 
64.2188 
42.0084 
6.1342 
57.8094 
38.0068 
100.0000 
100.0000 
57.5505 

Bombay 

Biolca  

Modena  

Parana. 

Bunder 

Netherlands  
Yen.  Lombardy.. 
Carnatic  
Madras  
France,  etc  
Bengal 

Campo  

Cawney  or  casseney  .... 

Centare      

Chattack  or  chittack  
Cottah  

Deciatina                    .     .... 

Russia... 

Hanover  
Spain  

Eo-yot 

Fanegada  

Feddan 

Fierdinff    .  . 

Norway  

Geira 

Portugal 

Giornata  

Sardinia  

Hectare         

France       J 

Hektar 

Germany  J 
Austria  

Joch  

Juchart     See  morgen 

Kappland  

Norway  

SSL:  : 

0.03791 
0.04326 
0.0551 
1.3201 
0.8584 
0.8897 
0.8416 
0.6343 
0.6208 
0.5004 
2.3852 
0.6472 
0.6178 
0.6309 
1.5216 
0.7789 
1.3223 
0.2175 
0.2500 
4.5653 
1.3890 
0.6066 
0.1255 
0.7111 
0.00973 
0.01045 
1.3635 
1.2132 
0.0247 
0.0247 
0.2224 
0.1544 
0.3-236 
79.3550 

1.5339 
1.7504 
2.2295 
53.4152 
34.7334 
36.0000 
34.0536 
25.0656 
25.1194 
20.2476 
96.5123 
26.1876 
24.9980 
25.5281 
61.5686 
31.5168 
53.5042 
8.8007 
10.1157 
184.7459 
56.2031 
24.5448 
5.0781 
28.7732 
0.3937 
0.4228 
55.1713 
49.0697 
1.0000 
1.0000 
9.0000 
6.2474 
13.0938 
3210.941 

Kerat  .            

Mau...  

Annam  
Naples. 

Mo°"""io 

Baden 

juchart,  or  tagewerk 

Bavaria  

Bremen. 

Brunswick.  .  . 

Frankfort  

of  Calenberg  

Hanover  

Hesse-Darmstadt. 
Prussia  

Saxony  

Wurtemberg  

Orloner  .  . 

Bef                             

Sweden  

Hood 

Great  Britain.... 
Rome  .. 

Bubbio     

Baccato                     

Tuscany 

Staro                    

Parma    

gtrich 

Tavola  

Modena  

Parma    .   . 

"        or  tunna  

Norway  

Tornatura 

Ven.  Lombardy.. 
Netherlands  
Baden  

Vierkante  roede  
Viertel     

Hesse-Darmstadt. 

Vorling 

Yugada  

Spain  

CUBIC  MEASURES. 


95 


V.  — CUBIC    MEASURES. 

THE  following  table  is  inserted  merely  to  facilitate  many  calcu- 
lations, and  does  not  pretend. to  be  even  approximately  complete. 
The  value  of  each  cube  is  given  in  English  cubic  feet  or  cubic 
inches,  and  in  either  cubic  metres  (m.),  cubic  decimetres  (dm.),  or 
cubic  centimetres  (cm.). 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  Inches. 

Metric. 

Ou 

bic  archine  

Turkey 

14.8996        feet. 
0.0610    inches. 
1.3084         feet. 
62.449      inches. 
1.0922        foot. 
1.0000 
0.9246          " 
0.9219          " 
1.0000          " 
1.1156          " 
0.9585          " 
0.87T8         " 
0.8542          " 
0.8141          «.' 
1.5899          " 
0.8284          " 
0.8792          " 
0.8403          " 
0.5518          " 
0.8420 
1.0919          " 
0.801  T          " 
0.8261          " 
1.0000        inch. 
35.815           feet. 
648.56       inches. 
581.35 
0.7974       feet. 
2.1070         " 
4.7838          " 
1.4191          " 
2.1970          " 
5.0537          " 
6.5287          " 
0.9015          " 
1.4848          " 
0.9535          " 
0.8185          " 
27.0000          " 
1.1421    inches. 
1.6476 
0.8780          " 
0.8541          « 
0.8206 
0.8140 

0.421875i 
1.00000  en 
13.70159  dn 
1.000 
30.842 
28.307 
26.179 
26.103 
28.307 
31.558 
27.000 
24.856 
24.185 
23.052 
45.020 
23.458 
24.895 
23.796 
15.625 
23.863 
30.911 
22.704 
23.391 
16.387 
1.000 
10.628     d 
9.527 
22.581 
69.662 
135.620 
40.181 
62.835 
143.090 
184.860 
25.524 
42.043 
27.000 
23.237 
0.764 
18.275     em 
27.000 
14.385 
18.980 
18.44T 
13.846 

'    centimetre  

France,  etc  
China 

cbik  (mathematical)., 
decimetre  

France    etc 

fod  

foot  . 

Great  Britain  
Norway 

fot  

Sweden 

foute  . 

Kussia  

fuss 

Baden 

H 

M 

H 

Frankfort 

11 

li 

M 

Hanover  
Hesse-Cassel  
Hesse-Darmstadt  . 
Liibeck 

11 

H 

tl 

H 

Prussia 

H 

Saxony 

li 

Wiirtemberg  
Great  Britain  
France  etc 

inch  . 

metre  

palmo  

Portueral 

Spain  

pie... 

pie  :.... 

Ancona 

"  liprando  

Genoa  

"  manual 

Milan  

Modena 

N 

Parma 

M    

Eome  

Venice 

pied  

Switzerland  
Brunswick 

schuh  

yard.  .  . 

Great  Britain  
Austria  

Baden 

zoll    .... 

H 

Bavaria 

H 

H 

Brunswick  
Frankfort... 

H 

96 


LIQUID  MEASURES. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Feet  or  In 

ches. 

Metric. 

Cubic  zoll         

Hamburg  .        ... 

0.8282 

inch. 

13  598      cm. 

Hanover  . 

08792 

14  402      " 

U          U 

Hesse-Cassel  

0.8404 

u 

13  772      " 

it       11 

Lttbeck  

0.8428 

u 

13  807      " 

u       u 

Prussia  . 

1  0919 

It 

17  882      u 

41            U 

0.8017 

II 

13.128      " 

U          U 

Wurtemberg. 

1.4276 

u 

28944      M 

VI.— LIQUID    MEASURES. 

IN  this  table  the  value  of  every  measure  is  given  in  United 
States  or  Winchester  quarts  or  gallons,  in  English  imperial  quarts 
or  gallons,  and  in  litres.  The  litre  is  a  legal  standard  in  the  Ar- 
gentine Confederation,  Belgium,  Brazil,  Chili,  Colombia,  Ecuador, 
Egypt,  France,  Germany,  Greece,  Italy,  Mexico,  Netherlands, 
Spain,  and  the  United  States.  After  January  1,  1876,  it  will  be 
the  standard  in  Austria. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

U.  S.  Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

Ahm  

Hamburg  

38.1472  galls. 

81.  7785  galls. 

144.3988 

Hanover 

414395 

34.5156 

156  8(j09 

u 

Liibeck  

39.5738 

32.1288 

149.7986 

Almud  ... 

Turkey  

1.38086 

1.1517 

6.2269 

Lisbon. 

4.3695 

8.6394 

16  5899 

6  62558 

65186 

25  0798 

Alquiere 

Lisbon  

2.18475 

1.8197 

8  2699 

Oporto. 

8.31279 

27593 

12  5399 

01898 

0  1589 

0  7184 

Inker 

Bremen  

9.5741 

7.9744 

36.2408 

Denmark.  

9.9528 

8.2898 

37.6743 

K 

Hamburg  

9.5368 

7.9434 

86.0996 

it 

Hanover      

10.3599 

8.6289 

89.2158 

u 

Liibeck 

98935 

8.2405 

37  4498 

II 

Prussia  

9.0732 

7.5572 

84.344T 

(I 

Saxony 

17.1768 

143064 

65  0174 

u 

United  States  

10.0000 

8.3208 

37.8523 

Arroba 

Cuba  

4.100 

8.4141 

15.5197 

"     for  wine... 
"     for  oil 

Spain  

4.26304 
331S53 

8.5507 
27640 

16.1J369 
12  5615 

u 

Venezuela  

4.263 

8.5507 

16.1369 

Azumbre  
Baril     

Spain  
Argentine  Confed. 

0.5329 
20.0768 

0.4439 
16.7228 

2.0172 
75.9966 

Mexico  

20.0000  ' 

16.6416 

75.7046 

Barile.  .  . 

Ionian  Islands.   . 

19.2096 

16.0000 

72.7146 

LIQUID  MEASURES. 


97 


Barile.    For  wine. . 


Locality. 


"          For  wine.. 

Barique | 

V  Barrel.    Beer 


Boccale 

For  wine.. 


Bota.     ySeepipa... 
Botta.    For  wine.. 


For  wine. . . 

"  "•  beer 

Caffiso.  "  oil 

Canada 

Cantara 

"  /Seearroba 
Cantaro.  '•  alquiere ! 

Caralfa 

Carro 


Malta 

Modena 

Naples 

Rome 

Sardinia 

Tuscany 

Martinique 

Great  Britain 

United  States 

Modena 

Rome 

Sardinia 

Tuscany 

Portugal 

Naples 

Rome 

Great  Britain 

Malta '.'.'.''. 

Portugal 

Central  America. 

Spain 

Portugal 

Naples 


United  Ststes 
Measure. 


10.997  galls. 
11.0056 
11.574 
15.412 
17034 
12.0444 
50.0000 
43.2126 
31.5000 
0.27514 
0.4816 
0.2067 
0.3011 
113.631 
123.878 
246.592 
129.6643 
129.6643 
5.499 
0.3(5412 
4.2631 


9.1505galh, 

9.1667  " 

9.6402  " 

12.8309  " 

14.2295  " 

10.0319  " 

41.6040  " 

36.0000  " 

26.2363  " 

0.229*1  " 

0.4011  u 

0.1721  " 

0.2503  4i 

94.6451  " 

107.3446  " 

205.3906  " 

103.0000  " 

103.0000  " 

'  4.5302  " 

0.3033  " 

8.5508  " 


0.77156  qts. 
257.757  galls. 

Sardinia 148.322      " 

Cass '.     Cyprus 1.25        " 

Centilitre France,  etc 0.1057    qts. 

Cohi Siam 13.385  gall?. 

Copa Spain 0.1332    qts. 

Coppo Yen.  Lombardy..      1.0567    k' 

Corba Roman  States 20.761 7  galls. 

Cuartilla I  Central  America. .      1.0658    " 

Cuartillo... Spain 0.5329    qts. 

Cuba  or  kuba Abyssinia 0.2634  galls. 

Cuddy.    See  gudda.    Mocha 1.9990    " 

Decalitre France,  etc 2.6418    " 

Decilitre "          "   0.1057  qts. 

Dicotoli Ionian  Islands . . .      0.6003    " 

Dreiling Austria 353.36     galls. 

Eimer "        14.9525    " 

"•        For  wine...    Bavaria 16.9444    " 

"        Hamburg 7.6295    " 

Hanover 16.5758    " 

'  Lubeck 7.9147    " 

I  Prague 16.1387    " 

|  Prussia 13.1464    " 

|  Saxony 20.0384    " 

Wiirtemberg 77.6494    " 

Fass.     Beer Brunswick 106.7045    " 

1  German  Empire..!  26.418      " 

Hanover 107.7430    " 

Hungary 52.5450    " 

"      i  Prague 64.5598    " 

"     Saxony 100.1737    " 

Perren Muscat 7.9254    " 

Fiasco...  Modena 2.2011  qts. 

9 


English 
Measure. 


0.6427  qts. 

2 14.6901  galls. 

123.9568  " 

1.4114  " 

0.0880  qts. 
11. 1436  galls. 

0.1109  qts. 

0.8s02  " 

17.2921  galls. 

0.8377  " 

0.4439  qts. 

0.2236  galls. 

1.665  " 

2.2004  " 

0.8802  qts. 

0.5000  " 

293.9   galls. 

12.4588  " 

14.1132  " 

6.3547  " 

138062  " 

6.5923  " 

13.4416  " 

15.1144  * 

16.6908  * 

64.6755  " 

88.8756  " 

22.004  " 

89.7409  " 

4:3.7656  " 

53.7729  " 

88.4364  " 

6.6012  " 

1.8333  qta. 


41.6259 

41.6594 

43.8110 

58.3390 

64.6630 

45.5916 

189.2615 

163.57-25 

119.2369 

1.0415 

1.8226 

0.7824 

1.1397 

430.1272 

487.84i6 

933.4242 

490.8199 

490.8199 

20.8153 

1.4783 

16.1371 


0.73059 
975.687 
563.3356 
4.7316 
0.0100 
50.6662 
0.1274 
0.1000 
78.5392 
4.0344 
0.5053 
1.0159 
7.5668 
10.0000 
0.1000 
0.5634 
1358.4 
56.599T 
64.1396 
28.8799 
62.7443 
29.9595 
61.0398 
68.6895 
75.8513 
298.93 
403.91 
100.00 
407.84 
198.9 
244.38 
379.187 
30.0000 
2.0842 


98 


LIQUID  MEASURES. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres 

Fiasco  

2.4089   qts. 
10.8054  galls. 
0.0039     qts. 

0.03125  " 
0.4816    " 
2.5096    " 

2.500      " 
478.47;)  galls. 
396.27        " 
229.779      " 
237.121      " 
227.346      " 
228.884      " 
248.633      " 
251.524      " 
253.613      " 
237.448      " 
217.788      " 
240.461       " 
465.904      " 
1.2251     " 
1.0000    " 
1.2006    " 
0.1501     qts. 
0.125      " 
0.1585    " 
2.21  91  galls. 
1.9990    " 
17.6117    " 
26.418      " 
64.8324    " 
64  S324    " 
6=3.0000    " 
4.4382    " 
1.7752    qts. 
44.3822  galb. 
0.0864   qts. 
1.0567    " 
2.0416    " 
2.7642    " 
2.7656    " 
0.7477    " 
1.0567    " 
1.9074    « 
2.0720    " 
1.5760    " 
1.9787    " 
1.2723    " 
4.4027  galls. 
21.6408    " 
264.18        " 

0.0550    qts. 

.  1.0736    " 
160.  0000  galls. 
1.0567     qts. 

0.1057    * 
1.4954    " 

2.0064    qts 
9.0000  sails 
0.1'0325  qts 
0.02603  " 
0.4011     " 
2.0903    " 
2.0823    " 
398.533  galls. 
330  06         " 
191.387      " 
197.501      " 
189.360      " 
190.641      " 
207.095      " 
20'J.499      " 
211.238      " 
l'J7.7f,8      " 
181.399      " 
200.284      " 
209.499      " 
1.0204    " 
0.8329    " 
1.0000    " 

0.125       qts. 

0.1041     " 
0.1320     •' 
1.8483galh. 
1.665      " 
14.6685    " 
22.004      " 
54.0000    " 
54.0000    " 
52.4737    " 
3.6967    " 
1.4786    qts. 
36.9667  galls. 
0.0720    qts. 
0.8802     u 
1.7005     " 
2.3023    " 
2.3085    " 
0.6228    " 
0.8802    " 
1.5387    " 
1.7258    " 
1.3127    " 
1.6489     " 
1.0597    " 
3.6671  galls. 
18.0000     " 
220.04        " 
0.0458    qts. 
0.8942    " 
133.267  galls. 
0.8302    qts. 
0.0880    " 
1.2455    " 

2.2809 
40.0166 
0.0037 
0.0296 
0.4560 
2.3749 
2.3672 
1811.19 
1500.00 
869.78 
897.57 
8C0.06 
86(3.39 
941.17 
952.09 
960.00 
893.80 
824.39 
910.22 
1763.58 
4.6400 
3.7853 
4.5435 
0.1421 
0.11S4 
0.1500 
8.4000 
7.5663 
66.6655 
100  000 
245.410 
245.410 
238.474 
16.8000 
1.6-00 
168.4000 
O.OS1S 
1.0000 
1.9832 
2.6174 
2.6172 
0.7079 
1.0000 
1.8061 
1.9620 
1.4914 
1.8737 
1.2047 
16.6655 
81.8033 
1000.0000 
0.0521 
1.0166 
605.65 
1.0000 
0.1000 
1.4149 

vFirkin  

Great  Britain  

United  States.... 

Eoman  States  
Argentine  Confed. 

Fluid-drachm  . 

"     ounce  

Foglietta  

Frasco 

Fuder.  .  .  . 

Austria  

Bremen  
Brunswick  
F"ankfort 

Hamburg  
Hanover  



Hesse  -Cassel  
Hesse-Darmstadt. 
Lubeck  

Prussia 

Wurtemberg  
United  States.... 

U                  U 

Great  Britain  .'.'.'.' 

United  States.!!. 
Baden  
Japan  
Mocha  

V&allon.  Beer  meas. 
Winchester. 
Imperial  .  .  . 
Gill.. 

"      Winchester.  .  . 
Glas. 

Gon^hau 

Gudda  or  cuddy.  .  . 
Guirbeh 

Egypt  
France,  etc  
Great  Britain  

United  States!!!! 
Japan  

Hectolitre  
VHogshead.    Beer.  . 

Wine.. 

Ischiomasse  
Itchigau  

Ittornass6. 

u 

Jungfru.         .... 

Norway  
Netherlands  
Denmark 

Kan 

Kande  

Kanna. 

Norway.  
Sweden  

Kanne  

Austria  
German  Empire.  . 
Hamburg  
Hanover  
Java 

u 

i; 

"    .                      i  Lubeck 

Khoulle 

Algeria  
Great  Britain  
France,  etc  
China 

kilderkin  

Kilolitre  

Kop 

K  uba  or  cuba  
Legger.  For  arrack 
Litre 

Abyssinia  
Java  

Maatje... 
Ma/8  .  . 

Netherlands  
Austria  

LIQUID  MEASURES. 


99 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

Enslis'i 
Measure. 

Litres. 

Mass 

Baden  

1  585       qts 

1.320       qts 

1.5000 

"     For  beer 

1  1296    "  " 

0  9408    " 

1.0696 

"     Eichmass.... 

Frankfort        .... 

1  S945    " 

1.5779    " 

1.7989 

"     Neuinass  
"     For  wine  

Hesse-CasseY.  '.  !  !  ! 
Hesse-Darmstadt. 

1.6844    " 
2.0969    " 
2  1184    " 

1.4029    " 
1.7465    " 
1.7604    " 

1.5949 

1.9855 
20000 

u 

Wi'irtemberg 

1  9412    " 

1.6168    " 

1.&388 

Mataro     For  oil 

Tripoli 

6  1  630  galh 

5  1333  galls 

23  3288 

Metter  or  raitre.  .  . 

Tunis  

26417    "' 

2.2003    " 

9.9996 

Mezzaruola 

Sardinia  

34  1680    " 

28.4591    " 

129.8366 

Mezzetta  
Millilitre  

Tuscany  
France,  etc  

0.60212  qts. 
0  00106  " 

05015     qti. 

0.00088  " 

0.5701 
0.0010 

Mina      

Ven  Lombardy 

2  641  8  galls 

2  2004  galls. 

10.0000 

Mino-el 

Bremen 

0  9131     qts. 

0  1776     qts 

0.2018 

Mistate  

Misurella.    For  oil 

Crete  
Naples  

2.948  galls. 
0  1114    qts 

2.4505  galls. 
0  0928   qts 

11.1590 
0.1055 

Muid  
Nossel  

Switzerland  
Brunswick  

89.627  galls. 
0.4940    qts 

33.006   galls. 
0.4115    qts. 

150.0000 
0.4678 

Hanover  

0  5180    " 

0  4314    " 

0.4905 

H 

Noosfiah  or  nusflah 

Saxony  
Mocha  

O.C862    " 
0  9997    " 

0.5549     " 
0.8351     " 

0.6024 
0.9466 

Oessel  

Hamburg  

0  4768    " 

0  3971     " 

0.4515 

Prussia 

0  6049    " 

0  5088    " 

0.5728 

Ohm.     (Compare 
afim.)  

Baden        

89  627  galls 

33006  galls 

150.0000 

Bremen  
Brunswick  

382965    " 
39.5202    " 

81.8969    " 
32.917      «* 

144.9637 
149.5958 

For  beer'..!."! 

Frankfort  
Hesse-Cassel  
Hesse-Darmstadt 

87.8910    " 
46.1333    " 
42  2688    " 

31.560      " 
38.425      " 
35  2064    " 

143.4287 
174.6283 
1600000 

Prussia  

36  2928    " 

30.229      " 

187.3790 

Saxony 

40  0806    " 

83  383      " 

151.717 

Oka  
Oke  

Koumania  
Crete  

1.4974   qts. 
1  3882    u 

1.2472    qts. 
1.1521     " 

1.4179 

1.3097 

Ort 

Liibeck  .. 

0  2475    " 

0  2061     " 

0.2334 

Oxhoft 

Bremen 

57  4448  galls 

47  8467  galls 

227  446 

M 

Brunswick  

59  2802    "  ' 

49.3755    " 

224.394 

II 

Hamburg 

572210    " 

47  6603    " 

216.598 

i; 

62  1593    " 

51  7735    " 

235  291 

M 

Liibeck 

59  3608    " 

49  4426    " 

224  698 

tl 

Saxony.    .   . 

60  1158    " 

50  0710    " 

227.554 

Pakha 

Sumatra 

0  5814    qts 

04843    qt& 

05600 

Panilla  

Spain  

0.1327    " 

0.1105    " 

0.1256 

Parrah  

Ceylon  

6  75     galls 

5.6222  gails 

25.5507 

Pfiff 

Austria  .  . 

0  1869    qts 

0  1557    qt« 

01770 

V  Pint.    Imperial  
u      Winchester.. 
Pinta         

Great  Britain  
United  States  
Sardinia.   Turin.. 

0.6003    4' 
0.5000    " 
1  C536    " 

0.5000    " 
0.4164    " 
1  3773    " 

0.5679 
0.4734 
1  5658 

Ven  Lombardy 

1  0567    " 

0  8802    " 

1  0000 

vPipa.    For  wine  .  .  . 

Madeira  

110.0000  galls. 

91.621   galls 

416883 

Portugal.         .... 

56.8035    " 

47  3126    " 

215.018 

.Pipe 

Great  Britain 

129  665      " 

108  0000    " 

490  82 

United  States 

126  0000    " 

104  9475    " 

47695 

Planke  

Liibeck  

0.4950    qts 

0.4123    qts 

04687 

Poegel 

Denmark  

0.2552     " 

0  2126    " 

02416 

Pot 

1  0208     " 

0  8502    " 

0  9666 

u 

Switzerland... 

1.585      " 

1.320      «* 

1.5000 

100 


LIQUID  MEASURES. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

vTuncheon  

Great  Britain.... 

29.665  galls. 

08.0000  galls 

490.82 

u 

United  States  

84  0000    " 

6&  97        " 

317  965 

i/^uart.    Beer  meas  . 
"         Imperial.  .  . 
/•         Winchester 
•Quarter         . 

Great  Britain  
United  States  

1.2251  qts. 
1.2006    " 
1.0000    " 
0  8455    " 

1.0204  qts. 
1.0000     " 
0.8329     " 
0  2878    " 

1.1600 
1.1358 
0.9469 
0  3271 

Quarterone  

Roman  States 

5.1  904  galls. 

4  3232  gall? 

Quartier          .... 

Bremen 

0  8524    qt 

0  7099    qt 

0  8071 

0  84>29    " 

0  0855 

H 

llambur"  

0.9536    " 

0  7942    " 

09029 

"          

Hanover  
Lubeck  

1:0360     " 
0  9900    " 

0.8629    " 
0.8246    " 

O.DSH) 
0.9374 

u          

Prussia  

.  1.209S    " 
0  51904  " 

1.0077    " 
0  4323    " 

1.1455 

04914 

Quartilho  

Portugal  

0  3641     " 

0  3032    " 

03448 

Quartillo  

Quartino. 

Chili  
Spain  

1.1624    " 
0.5329    " 
0  4134    " 

O.H6S2    " 
0.4438    " 
0  3443    " 

1.1007 
0.4946 
03914 

Quarto.     For  oil... 

Naples  

0.6541    " 

0.5448    " 

0.6194 

Quartuccio.    Wine. 

Roman  States.... 
Tuscany    

0.1204    " 
0.3011     " 

0.1003    " 
0.2508    " 

0.1140 
0.2851 

Rubbio  

Piedmont 

2  4804  galls 

2  0659  galls 

9.38S8 

Runlet 

United  States 

IS  0000    " 

14  9925    " 

6S1341 

Salma  

Schoppen 

Sicily  

Frankfort 

22.0000    " 
0  4736    qt 

18.3242    " 
0  3945   qt 

83.27(i6 
04484 

German  Empire  .  . 

0.5284    " 

0.4401    " 

0.5000 

H 

Hesse-Cassel  .  .  . 

0.524-3    " 

0.4366    " 

0.4964 

H 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 

0.5284    " 

0.4401    " 

0.5000 

H 

Wiirtemberg  .... 

0.4S53    " 

0.4042    " 

0.451)5 

Seer 

Ceylon 

1  2000    " 

0  9995    " 

1.1363 

Seidel  

Austria  

0.3738    " 

0.3113    " 

0.3.->39 

Prague 

0.5044    " 

0.4201     " 

0.4776 

Setier  

Switzerland  

9.9067  galls 

8.2515  galls. 

87.5000 

Shing-tsong 

China 

0.55         qt. 

0.4581    qt. 

0.5407 

Sidio 

0  9324    " 

0  7766    " 

0.8S29 

Soma  
||        For  oil  

Roman  States  
Tuscany  
Ven.  Lombardy.. 

43.386  galls 
19.271      " 
26.418      " 

36.137   galls 
16.0511     " 
22.004      " 

164.225 
72.9464 
100.0000 

Stajo.    For  oil  . 

Naples  

2.6163    " 

2.1791     " 

9.9035 

Stop  
Stiibchen 

Norway  
Bremen  

1.3821  qts. 

3.4096    " 

1.1512     qts. 

2.8399    " 

1.3057 
3.2285 

Brunswick  
Hamburg  

8.9520    " 
3.8147    " 

8.2917    " 
3.1773    " 

3.7421 
3.6121 

u 

Hanover. 

4.1439    " 

3  4515    " 

8.9328 

u 

Lubeck 

3  9574    " 

3  2962    " 

3.7473 

Stutz  

Baden        . 

3.9627  galls 

3.8006  galls 

15.0000 

Tau 

1  125      " 

0  987      " 

4.2585 

VTierce  

Great  Britain  

43.2216    " 

36.0000    " 

163.606 

Tonelada  

United  States  
Portugal.         .... 

42.0000    " 
113.607      " 

3.4982    " 
94.6252    " 

158.98 
429.998 

Tonde.    Of  beer 

Denmark 

34  7072    " 

28.9082    " 

131.377 

"           "tar  

30.624      " 

25.5072    " 

115.1)209 

Tonne  .  . 

Brunswick  

26.676      " 

22.2189    " 

100.9766 

it 

45  7771     " 

38.1285     * 

173.279 

H 

Hanover         .... 

41.2646    " 

34.3708    " 

156.1609 

/Tun 

Great  Britain 

259  33        " 

216.0000    " 

981.641 

United  States... 

252.0000    " 

209.895      « 

(  953.805 

DRY  MEASURES. 


101 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States* 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

33  1709  galls 

27  6286  galls 

125  562 

Vakia    . 

Mocha  

00624    qt. 

0.05197  qt. 

0.0591 

Vat 

Netherlands 

26418  galls 

22  004  galls 

100  0000 

Vedro 

3  -'49       " 

2  7061 

12  2990 

Viadra  .. 

Roumania  

3.7434 

3.1179 

14.1699 

Viertel 

Austria  .   . 

37381 

3.1135 

14.1498 

1  9148 

1  5949 

72102 

H 

Frankfort.  .*?  

1.8945 

1.5771 

7.1712 

H 

Hamburg  

19074 

1.5887 

7.2208 



Hanover  
Hesse'Cassel  

2.0719 
2.0969 

1.7257 
1.7465 

7.8428 
7.9374 

« 

Hesse-Darmstadt 

21134 

1.7603 

8.0000 

it 

Liibeck 

19787 

1  6431 

74899 

Vingerhred  

Netherlands  

0.0106     qt. 

0.0088   qt. 

0.0100 

YII.  — DRY    MEASURES. 

THE  value  of  every  unit  is  here  given  in  British  or  imperial 
bushels  or  pecks,  United  States  or  "  Winchester "  bushels  or 
pecks,  and  litres.  For  the  list  of  countries  in  which  the  litre  is 
recognized,  see  the  note  at  the  head  of  the  Liquid-Measure  table : 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

Achtel 

0  8726  peck 

0  8459  peck 

76868 

"      See  massel  .  . 

"       "    malter. 

Frankfort 

0  3143  peck 

0  3047  peck 

3  6496 

Adoulie  

Bombay  

0  7813    " 

0.7574    " 

6.8825 

Almude  ... 

Spain 

0  5330    " 

0.5167    " 

4.6592 

Brazil 

1  13512  bu 

1  1004  bush 

899965 

Portugal  .... 

1.5347  peck. 

1.4878  peck. 

13.5192 

Amomam        

Ceylon    

5  7757  bush. 

5.5993  bush. 

20.9924 

Ardeb 

2  603      " 

2  5235    " 

91.7196 

0  45^6  peck 

0  4446  peck 

40398 

H 

Massowah  

13333    " 

1.2926    " 

11.7458 

Artaba     .. 

Persia 

1  8514  bush. 

1.7948  bush. 

05.2361 

Bambou. 

Bantam 

0  3689  peck 

0  3576  peck. 

32396 

0  2272    " 

0  2203    " 

20014 

Becher  

Austria     

0  OM4    " 

0.0527    " 

0.4792 

H 

"     or  locher  
v  Bushel.  Imperial... 
"       Winchester 
Caffisoor  cafiz  

Cahiz.      .          '.".'. 

Baden  
Brunswick  
Great  Britain  
United  States  
Algeria  
Tunis  
Spain 

0.0170    " 
0.2167    " 
1.0315  bush. 
1.0000    " 
9.0072    " 
14.0753    " 
19  1897    " 

0.0164    " 
0.2101    " 
1.0000  bush. 
0.9694    u 
8.7321    " 
13.6454    " 
18.6037    " 

0.1500 
1.9089 
86.3460 
35.2361 
817.88 
495.96 
676.20 

Candaca 

Mysore... 

11.13        " 

10  79        " 

392.18 

102 


D.RY  MEASURES. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litre*. 

Candy               .... 

25.00      bush. 
2.9622  peck. 
4.32811  bu. 
5&885S     w- 
0.00135  pk. 
00015      u 
0.14812    " 
1.0315  bush. 
1.00075  Pk. 
0.03125    " 
13.3848  bush. 
0.9257  peck. 
4.1260  bush. 
2.232      " 
1.5745  peck. 
1.1352     " 
0.0135    " 
7.305    bush. 
0.1316  peck. 
1.1790     " 
12.  1164  bush. 
0.0078  peck. 
0.1703     * 
3.8936  bush. 
1.5745    " 
2.575      " 
3.1237    " 
1.55        " 
1.599      " 
7.776      " 
1.5347    " 
1.9374    " 
1.4941     " 
1.0097  peck 
2.0786    " 
0.9869    " 
4.0030  bush 
2.9513  peck 
130.535  bush 
103.967      " 
0.3923  peck 
1.4274    " 
0.9547    " 
0.2181    " 
0.2467    " 
2.8o8    bush 
3.4069  peck 
2.9881     " 
3.5371    " 
4.5615    " 
1.9095    " 
0.1909    " 
4.7738  bush 
0.2169  peck 

24.2350  bush. 
2.8716  peck. 
4.1911  bush. 
54.6057    " 
0.0011  peck. 
0.0014    " 
0.1436    " 
1.0000  bush. 
0.9702  peck. 
0.0307     " 
12.9760  bush. 
0.8974  p«ck. 
4.0000  bush. 
2.1541     " 
15264  peck. 
1.1005     " 
0.0110     " 
7.0S19bush. 

0.1276  peck. 
1.1480    " 
11.7464  bush. 
O.OOTSpeck. 
0.1651     " 
8.7747  bush. 
1.5264    " 
2.4963    " 
8.0288    " 
1.5026    « 
1.5502    " 
7.53S5    M 
1.4878  bush. 
1.8782    " 
1.4484    " 
0.9778  peck. 
2.0151     " 
0.9567    " 
8.8807  bush. 
2.8612  peck. 
135.274  bush. 
100.792      " 
0.3803  peck. 
1.3838    " 
0.9256    " 
0.2114    " 
0.2392    " 
2.7512  bush 
3.3610  peck 
2.S963    " 
3.4291    " 
4.4222    " 
1.8512    " 
0.1851    " 
4.6280  bush 
0.2103  peck 
41.144  bush 
0.2878  peck 
2.8804    " 

880.9 
26.1292 
152.329 
1984.7 
0.0100 
0  0132 
1.3048 
36.3460 
8.8156 
0.2753 
471.162 
8.1545 
145.  3S4 
78.6347 
13.8698 
10.0000 
0.1000 
257.4 
1.1593 
10.^858 
426.98 
0.0687 
1.5000 
137.19 
55.479 
90.783 
110.067 
54.C.159 
56.3425 
274.0 
54.0768 
62.26(58 
52.6462 
8.8944 
18.3104 
8.6936 
141.05 
25.998 
4916.66 
3663.39 
3.4558 
12.5739 
8.4000 
1.9212 
2.1732 
100.0000 
30.5399 
26.3222 
31.15S3 
40.1822 
16.8000 
1.6SOO 
168.00 
1.9104 
1495.42 
2.6154 
26.1719 

Capicha  
Carga  

Persia  

Crete  

Naples...-.;.    ..., 
France,  etc  

Centilitre  
Chattack    

Chenica 

Persia 

Chilo  

Ionian  Isles  

Chinik 

Turkey  

Ceylon 

Cohi                   

Siam  

Collothun....*.  
v  Coomb    

Persia  
Great  Britain  
Bologna  

Cuartilla 

Central  America.  . 
France,  etc  

Decalitre 

Decilitre 

Djezla                

Bavaria  
Hanover  
Lubeck        

DritteL        

Dr»"  nit         

Ecklein  

Einine                .... 

Wiirtemberg  
Switzerland  
Argentine  Confed. 
Central  America.  . 
Chili  



Cuba  
Mexico  

Fanera 

Spain  
Uruguay  
Lisbon  

Oporto  
Hamburg  

Fasa 

Lubeck  

Fjerding 

Fjerdingk'ar  
Fortin  

Turkey  

Madras 

Pondicherry  
JJussia  

Gametz  . 

Gombetta  
Gonghau  
Grosses  massel  
Halvotting  

Genoa  

Austria.. 

Denmark  
France,  etc  
Brunswick  
Hamburg  
Hanover  

Hectolitre        .... 

Himt            

tt 

it 

Hesse-Cassel  
Japan  

Ischiomasse  

Ittomasse  
Kaddah 

u 

Egypt 

Kahoou  

42.44  bush 
0.2969  peck 
2.9712    " 

Kanna        .   .  . 

Norway  

u 

Sweden.  .  . 

DRY  MEASURES. 


103 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

Kel6          

0.8685  peck 

0.8419  peck. 

7  6506 

Kella.  See  mecmeda 

Mocha  

Kerat  
Kharroubah  

Egypt  

0.0068    " 
0.018(5    " 

0.0066     " 
0.0132     " 

0.05'.)9 
0  1198 

Khoonke  

Bengal  

O.OC73    " 

0.0071     " 

0  0643 

Kilo 

Ron  mania  . 

12345    bush 

11  968  bush 

434  98 

Turkey 

1  00075  " 

0  9702     " 

35  2624 

Kilolitre,  or  stere.. 
Kleines  massel 

France,  etc  
Austria.  .  .         ... 

28.33        " 
0  1090  peck 

27.5121     " 
01  057  peck 

1000.00 
0  9602 

Koolah  
Kop  

Sumatra  
China  

0.4692    " 
O.OOS7    " 

0.4548     " 
0.0084    " 

4.1332 
O.OT66 

Netherlands...   . 

0  1135    " 

0.1105    " 

1  00 

Koyang  

Bantam  
Batavia  

147.506  bush. 
62.432      " 

14=3.059   bush. 
60.5->5      " 

5199.64 
2199  85 

u 

The  Moluccas  .  .  . 

55  3371    " 

53647      " 

1949  86 

Kumpf 

Hesse-Darinstadt 

0  9082  peck 

0.8S04  peck 

8  00 

Last... 

Bremen  

84.0779  bush. 

81.5103  bush. 

2962.57 

i/  ........     .... 

Great  Britain  .  .  . 

82  5200    " 

80.0000    " 

2907  .  68 

Hamburg      

89  6433    " 

86  9057    " 

315S  63 

it 

84  881)4    " 

8''  2970    " 

2991  17 

K 

Liibeck 

9(i  9312     u 

93  9710    " 

34i5  46 

Netherlands  

85  14        " 

82  54        " 

3000  00 

Lastre  

Prussia  

112.2917    u 
58  4040    u 

108.S624    " 
56  6-)04    " 

8956.72 
2057  92 

Litre             

France,  etc  

01  135  peck 

Oil  05  peck 

1.0000 

Maatje 

Netherlands 

00113     " 

00110    u 

0  1000 

0  0459     " 

00445    w 

0  4043 

M;'is«ohen  ..     .   .. 

Frankfort  

0  0509    " 

0.0493    " 

0.4484 

Hesse-Cassel 

0  2876    u 

0  2788    " 

2  53:35 

u 

Hesse-Darmstadt 

0  0567    " 

00550    " 

0  5000 

u 

0  0975    " 

0.0945    u 

0  8589 

u 

Saxony  .... 

0  15^    " 

0  1786    " 

1  62:35 

Masslein 

Baden      .   . 

0  1703    " 

0  1651    " 

1  5000 

0  2632    " 

0  2551    M 

2  3185 

U 

Wurtemberg    . 

0  1572    " 

0.1524    " 

1  8848 

Malouah 

Egypt.  . 

0  4337    " 

0  4204    " 

3.8205 

Maker  

Baden  

4.2570  bush 

4.1208  bush. 

150.0000 

Frankfort  

3  25026  " 

3.1568    " 

114.7878 

K 

Hanover 

530559  " 

5  1434    " 

186.948 

u 

Hesse-Darmstadt 

8  63-?6    " 

8  5216    " 

128  000 

H 

Prussia  

18.7164    " 

18.1448    " 

659.492 

Maquia 

Saxony  
Portugal 

35.3S20    u 

0  0959  peck 

84.3050    " 
0  0929  peck 

1246.7 
0  844S 

Marcal 

1  35936  " 

1  8178    " 

11  9749 

Masulipatan  

1.612      " 

1.5628    M 

14.2001 

Massel  or  achtel  .  .  . 

Bavaria     

0  5264    " 

05108    " 

4  6371 

Prague           .     .  . 

0  6640    u 

0  6437    " 

5  8492 

Medinno  
Medio  

Cyprus  
Spain  

2.1312  bush. 
0.2664  peck 

2.0661  bush. 
0.2534  peck. 

7&.0951 
2.346? 

Mctze  

Austria  

1  7451  bush 

1  691  8  bush 

61  4904 

Bavaria 

4  2067  peck 

4  0782  peck 

37  0568 

•i 

Frankfort  

1.6281     " 

1.5784    " 

14  3419 

M 

Hesse-Cassel  .... 

1.1500     " 

1  1149    " 

10  1304 

•I 

Hungary  

1  7735  bush 

1  7  193  bush 

62  4912 

U 

Prussia 

0  3899  peck 

0  3779  peck 

8  4346 

It 

Saxony.... 

0.7371    " 

07146    " 

6  4931 

Mina 

Parma.  .  . 

0.6670  bush. 

0.6466  bush. 

23.5025 

104 


DRY  MEASURES. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

Mina,  

Sardinia  
Turin 

8.4257  bush. 
0  6527     u 

3.3211  bush. 
0  £323    " 

120.708 
22  99W6 

it 

1  65'  (0  peck 

1  6083  peck 

14  6141 

u 

Yen.  Lombardy 

1  1852    " 

l'l<)05     "  * 

10  0000 

Minot.  Old  measure 

Lower  Canada.  .  .  . 

1.1111  bush. 
0  2607  peck 

1.0772  bush. 
0  °527  peck 

39.1508 

0    OClfiK 

Moggio         .... 

Tuscany 

16  5904  bush 

16  OS37  bush 

584  F>8 

Moio 

28  (1202     " 

22  317'?     " 

811  141 

Mudde  

Netherlands 

2  888      " 

2  7512    " 

100  000 

Mudi  
Muhd 

Mangalore  

1.3019    " 
5  1840    " 

1.2C-21    " 
5  0'-*57    " 

45.874 
182  663 

Miiller-massel  

Austria  

0.4362  peck. 

(1.4229  peck 

3  8425 

Muth 

52  8536  bush 

50  7548  bu~h 

1844  73 

Ochavillo  

Spain 

0  OOS4  peck 

0  0081  peck 

0  0740 

Olluck  

Madras 

00217     " 

0  0210    "  ' 

0  1^1^ 

Orbah.  .  . 

Tripoli 

0  7613    " 

0*7831     u 

6  7063 

Ort           

Norway 

0  0093    " 

0  0090    " 

0  ()8i9 

Osmina. 

Eussia 

2  9784  bush 

2  8874  bush 

104  95 

Ottingkar  

Denmark 

0  9869  peck 

0  9567  pock 

8  6986 

Ouebeh. 

Egypt 

1  4020    " 

1  859^    *'  ' 

12  3502 

"      or  ueba  .... 

TriS>u".  

3  0452  bush 

2  9522  bush 

107  30 

Portugal 

0  1918  peck 

0  1859  peck 

1  6896 

Pajak 

Eussia 

1  4892  bush 

1  4437  bush 

59  4735 

Pallie  

Bengal 

0  4676  peck 

0  4533  peck 

4  1191 

Parah  

Bombay  

3.125    bush. 

3.0295  bush 

110  113 

"     or  chunam  — 
^Peck.    Imperial  
"        Winchester. 
Puddy  

Madras  
Great  Britain  
United  States  
Madras  . 

1.7442    " 
1.0315  peck. 
1.0000    " 
0  1744    u 

1.6909     " 
1.0000  peck. 
0.9694    « 
0  1691    " 

51.4515 
9.0865 
8.8090 
1  5863 

Quarta 

Eome 

2  0887  bush 

2  0249  bu«h 

78  5976 

Quarter  

Great  Britain  
Norway 

8.2520    " 
0  0389  peck 

8.0000    li 
0  0377  peck 

290.8 
0  3427 

Quarterolo  

Parma  .     .          . 

0.3335    " 

0  3233     "  ' 

2  9878 

Quarterone 

Bologna 

1  1160    " 

1  081  9    " 

9  8308 

Quarticino  

0.2790    " 

0.2704    " 

2  4577 

Quartillo  

Spain 

0.1332    " 

0  1291     " 

1  1734 

Quarto 

Genoa 

1  7129    " 

1  6606    " 

15  0889 

Portugal  

0.3836    " 

0.3719     " 

3  3791 

Quartuccio  
vQuateron  

Eome  

Switzerland  . 

0.3798    " 
1.7028    " 

0.3682    " 
1.6504    " 

3.3457 
15  0000 

Eacion  
Raik  

Eoubouh  or  rob  

Spain  
Bengal  
Egypt         

0.0333    " 
0.1169     " 
0.4339    " 

0.0323    " 
0.1133    " 
0  4206    " 

0.2933 
1.0298 
3  8222 

Eubbio        

Ancona 

7974   bush 

7  7305    " 

280  972 

Baa 

Eome  • 

8.355      " 
1  36^1     " 

8.0998    " 
1  3205    " 

294.397 
47  9950 

Bacoo   

Modena 

3  9956    " 

3  8736    " 

140  789 

Turin. 

3.2635    " 

3  1638  bush 

114  992 

Tuscany 

2.0738    " 

2  0104    " 

78  0725 

Salma  . 

Malta 

8  224      " 

7  9728    " 

289*781 

"     generate  

Sicily.. 

7.8         " 

75618    " 

274  841 

"     grosso  

10  0          " 

9  6946    " 

353  26 

Sat  

Scheepston  

Siam  

Netherlands 

0.3346  peck. 
28  38     bush 

0.3244  peck. 
27  5121  bush 

2.9475 
1000  00 

Bcheffel  

Bavaria 

631002  " 

61173    u 

292  34 

210195  " 

2  037T     ' 

74  0645 

u 

Brunswick... 

8.6G72    " 

8.4025    " 

305.398 

DRY  MEASURES. 


105 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

English 
Measure. 

Litres. 

Bcheffel  

German  Empire.. 

1.4190  bush. 

1.3756  bush. 

50.0000 

Hamburg  . 

2.9881     " 

2.8968     " 

105.2898 

<« 

Hesse-Cassel 

23          " 

2.2297    " 

81.25 

"       for  wheat  .  . 

Liibeck..;  

1.009T    " 

0.9788    " 

85.5778 

"        "    oats  .... 

1.1213    " 

1.0871     " 

39.5102 

Prussia  .          .     . 

1.5597    " 

1.5121     " 

54.9577 

u 

2  9485    " 

28584    " 

103.8985 

N 

Wiirtemberg  

5.0292    " 

4.8756    " 

117.2098 

Schepel 

Netherlands. 

1.1352  peck. 

1.1  005  peck. 

10.00 

Schrott  
Scorzo  
Sechter  

Frankfort  
Rome  
Frankfort  

0.0127     " 
1.5191    " 
0  8140    " 

0.0123     " 
1.4727    " 
0.7891     " 

0.1119 

13.3817 
7.1705 

Sei 

China 

3  471  6  bush. 

8  3656  bush. 

122.3256 

Seidel  

Prague  

0.^554  peck. 

0.0537  peck. 

0.4880 

Sester  

Baden  .   . 

1.7028    " 

1.6504    " 

15.0000 

Sesti 

Siam 

1.3385    " 

1  2975    M 

11.7908 

Sextario 

Persia 

0  0370    " 

0  0358    " 

03259 

Shye  

An  jar  

8.5297    " 

8.4219     " 

31.0931 

Frankfort 

8  2563    M 

3  1568    " 

2*  (>S47 

It 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 

3.6326    " 

8.5216    " 

32.0000 

Simri  

Wurtemberg  

2.5146    " 

2.4378    " 

22.1511 

Skoeppe 

Denmark 

1  9738    " 

1  9135    " 

17.3872 

Soallee  
Soma  
Span      

Bengal  

Ven.  Lombardy.. 
Norway  . 

2.3378  bush. 
2.8380    " 
2  0786    " 

2.2664  bush. 
2.7512    " 
2  0151    " 

82.3749 
100.0000 
73.2419 

Spint 

0  5255  perk. 

0  5094  peck. 

4.6291 

Hamburg  

0  7470    " 

0.7242    " 

6.5808 

Stajo 

Bologna  .  . 

1  11  58  bush. 

1.081  7  bush. 

89.3164 

Modena 

1  9978    " 

1  9368    " 

70.3946 

it 

Parma  

1.3337    " 

1.2929    " 

46.9944 

u 

Turin 

1  0878    " 

1  0546    " 

88.8298 

u 

Tuscany 

0  6915    " 

0  6704    " 

24.3658 

Starello  

Rome  

2.0888  peck 

2.0250  peck. 

18.4002 

Stop  

Norway  

0  1556    " 

0.1508    '• 

1.3707 

Strich 

Prague 

2  65618  bu 

2  5751  bush. 

9'U>905 

Tarrie 

2  2  51  8  peck 

2  1830  peck 

19.8-S71 

Tau  

China 

o's708    " 

0.8442    " 

7.6709 

Tchetverik 

Eussia 

2  9784    " 

2  8874    " 

26.2367 

Tchetverka  

0  7446    " 

0.7219    " 

6.5592 

Tchetviert  

H 

5  9521  bush 

5.7703    " 

209.728 

Teman 

Tripoli 

3  0452  peck 

2  9528    " 

26.8252 

Tonde 

8  9477  bush 

8  8271  bush 

139.098 

Tomolo  

Naples        

1  5646    " 

1  5168    " 

55.1308 

Tonelada  

Argentine  Confed 

29  2090    " 

28  3102    " 

1029.3 

Tonne 

Lubeck 

4  0388    " 

8  9154    " 

142-312 

Tunna  
TTeba  or  hueba 

Norway  
Tripoli  

4.  ,572    M 
30452    " 

4.0302    " 
2  9522    " 

146.488 
107.801 

Yierfass 

Hanover 

0  8644  peck 

0  8574  peck 

7.7907 

Viertel 

1  7451     " 

1  6918    " 

15.3724 

Bavaria  

2.1083    " 

2.0391    " 

18.5280 

M 

Bremen 

2  1019    " 

2  0377    " 

18.5156 

H 

2  6562    " 

2  5751    " 

23.8985 

u 

1  5597    " 

1  5121    " 

13  7394 

U 

Saxony 

2.9485    " 

2  8584    " 

25.9733 

It 

W  urtemberg 

0  6284    " 

0  6092    " 

5.5356 

Viertlein 

0  0019    " 

0  0018    " 

0  0167 

Wey... 

Great  Britain... 

41.260  bush 

40.0000  bush 

1458.84 

106 


WEIGHTS. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

United  States 
Measure. 

En^liBh 

Measure. 

Litre*. 

Wispel  

Brunswick  
Hamburg  

34.6638  bush. 
29.8811     " 

33.6101  bush. 
28.9686    " 

1221.59 

1052  89 

u 

Hanover  

42.4447    " 

41.14S5    " 

1495.59 

M 

Prussia  

'28.0746    " 

27.2172    " 

989.^2 

u 

70.7640     " 

68  4328    " 

2493.45 

Zuber 

42.5700    " 

41.2632    " 

1500.00 

VIII.  — WEIGHTS. 

IN  this  table  the  value  of  every  weight  is  given  in  English 
or  American  avoirdupois,  and  in  metric  grammes.  Each  value  in 
grammes  may  be  converted  into  pfunds  of  the  German  Zollverein 
by  dividing  by  500.  The  gramme  and  its  derivatives  are  legal 
standards  in  the  Argentine  Confederation,  Belgium,  Brazil,  Chili, 
Colombia,  Ecuador,  Egypt,  France,  Germany,  Greece,  Italy,  Mex- 
ico, the  Netherlands,  Spain,  and  the  United  States.  After  Janu- 
ary 1,  1876,  the  metric  system  will  be  the  legal  system  in  Austria. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Grammes. 

Accino 

Naples    

0  69       grain. 

0  0447 

Adarme 

Spain  

27.73 
Q->  04           ' 

1.8001 
4  0202 

Akey    . 

20  03           ' 

1  2979 

Anna 

Bengal 

14  04           ' 

0  9098 

Arratel  . 

Brazil  

1  0119      Ibs. 

459  00 

Portugal 

1  0119        ' 

459  00 

Arroba 

* 

25  3175        ' 

11441  3 

Brazil 

32  3792 

14687  4 

ti 

Bolivia 

25  3536 

11500  4 

K 

26  0750 

118^7  7 

M 



Mexico  

25.3645 
32  3795 

.  11505.4 
14687  4 

U 



Spain  

25.4024 

25  3595        " 

11522.6 
11503  1 

As 

0  74       grain 

0  0479 

Ass  

Baden 

0  77           " 

0  0500 

Bahar. 

See  also  candy  

Amboyna         .  . 

597  607        ib's 

271076 

" 

At  Bet-el-faki  
"   Jidda  

Arabia  

815.625          " 
183  OOS         t' 

369970. 

87013 

u 

"   Mocha  

it 

450  000          " 

204121 

M 

Ordinary  

Bantam  

396  000          " 

179627. 

It 

For  pepper.  .  . 

406.780 

184517. 

WEIGHTS. 


107 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Grammes. 

Bahar 

Batavia 

610.170       Ibs. 

276775 

Batman  . 

Shiraz 

12.6816        " 

5750  3 

Syria 

17.0022        " 

7712  2 

u 

Tauris. 

6.3408        " 

2876.2 

u 

Turkostan 

276.41            " 

125380 

Bazla. 

84.226          " 

155'->5 

Bends 

2  2689      oz 

64  3288 

Benda-offa  

u 

1.1344        " 

32  1605 

Berkovetz  or  berkowitz  .... 
Binh 

Russia  

360.6764      Ibs. 
68.8760        u 

163603 
31242 

Buncal  

Singapore 

1.9017       oz. 

53.9136 

Caban.    Of  rice  
'•         "  cocoa.  .  . 

Philippine  Isles.. 

133.000       Ibs. 
83.500          " 

60329. 
37876. 

Can  

Annam 

1.3775        " 

624.888 

Canilil  
Candy  

Sumatra  
Ahmednuggur..  . 

423.5         .     " 
1577.140          " 

192101. 
715895. 

Birinah 

5UO.OOO          " 

226801  . 

560  000          " 

254018. 

Ceylon 

500  000          " 

2''6801  . 

Goa. 

495.000          " 

224538. 



Madras 

500.000          " 

226801  . 

Malabar  

695.500          " 

315481  . 

Malacca  
Muscat  
Mysore  

405.000 
525.000 
4S5.500          " 

183709. 
238142. 
220^24. 

'Pondicherry. 

588.040          " 

266737. 

Surat 

340.160          " 

154298. 

See  also  bahar  

Cantaro  

Crete 

116.570          " 

52886. 

524  190          " 

237774. 

Egypt  _  

98.190          " 

44539. 

Old  weight  

Greece 

112.000          " 

50804. 

"        "       

Ionian  Isles  
Malta 

118.SUO          " 
175  000          " 

53S38. 
793al 

Commercial  

Morocco 

119.  UOO          " 

53979. 



Roumania  
Tripoli 

123.992          " 
109  714          " 

56243. 

49707 

Tunis. 

111.750          " 

50690. 

Turkey 

124.082          " 

565£6 

Carato  

Bologna  

2.91     grains. 

0.1886 

Ca   y     See  also  kan    .  .  . 

Batavia 

1.8563      Ibs 

615  2-*2 

1  1111        " 

503  993 

Commercial  

Malacca. 

1.3500        " 

612.364 

For  gold  and  silver. 

Siam  

2.0491        "• 
2.6670        " 

929.478 
1209.759 

2.1180        " 

960.723 

Ternate 

1  3017        " 

590  455 

Centass 

Baden 

77  161    grains 

5  0000 

Centigramme  

France,  etc.. 

0.154          " 

0  0100 

Centinajo  or  talento  ....  .... 

Ionian  Isles  

100.000        Ibs. 
220  460          " 

46360.8 
100000 

Centner  

Austria  

123.4615        " 

51)002. 

u 

Baden 

110  230          " 

50000 

u 

Bremen  .  . 

127.4909        " 

57S30. 

108 


WEIGHTS. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Gramme  h 

Centner 

Denmark.  .  . 

110  230        Ibs. 

50000 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 

110.  '280          " 

50000. 

u 

Prague  

130.080          " 

61726 

u 

Prussia 

110  230          " 

50000 

u 

Saxony  
Sweden.  .  .  . 

113.366 
93  379          " 

51423. 

42357 

Chat  tack.     Bazaar  

Calcutta  

2.0531        oz. 

58.2059 

"             Factory  . 

1  8(564        " 

52  ill  28 

Chequi 

Turkey 

11  3348         " 

321  3433 

Coffala    

Mocha  

48.0       grains. 

3.1104 

Copaug 

Borneo... 

9  60            u 

0.6220 

Danik  

Mocha  

7.86           " 

0.5933 

Darhem.    See  dirhem  ... 

Decagramme 

France  etc.          . 

154  32            " 

10  0000 

Decigramme.     (In   Germa- 
ny, dezigramme)  
Dekass,  or  pfennig  

Baden  '.'.'.'.'.'. 

1.5432        " 
7.766          " 

0.1000 

0.5000 

Denaro  

Genoa  

17.02            " 

1.1029 

Parma 

17.49            " 

1  1333 

44 

18  17            " 

1  1774 

44 

Turin  

19  77            " 

1.2311 

u 

Tuscany 

18  19            " 

1  1787 

44 

Ven.  Lombardy.  . 

15.432          " 

1.0000 

Deuke   .  .  . 

Turkey  .  . 

12.397          " 

O.S038 

Dhan.    For  precious  metals. 
Dirhern,  darhlin,  or  drachm. 

Bengal  
Abyssinia. 

0.56 
40.00            " 

0.0363 
2.5920 

u                   44             a           u 

Egypt  

Persia.    Shiraz.  .  . 
Tripoli  

47.73            " 
295.90            " 
48.00            " 

3.0929 
19.1744 
3  1104 

44                         44                 (4               (4 

Turkey 

49  59            " 

3  2133 

Doli  

0.685            " 

0.0444 

Dong 

Annam 

60  27            " 

3  9055 

Drachm.     Apothecaries1  
Drachma.  .  .. 

England  and  IT.  S. 
Greece  

60.00            " 
15.432          " 

8.8880 
1  0000 

Drachme 

Kussia  
Servia  '.... 
Austria  

57.60            " 
49.33            " 
67.70            " 

3.7325 
3.1966 
4.3869 

Denmark  .           . 

57  53            " 

3  7279 

14 

Germany  

57.53            " 

3.7279 

Dracma.    See  ochava  
Dramma  

Spain  
Naples  

55.57            " 
41.25            u 

3.0MJ9 
2.<,730 

Tuscany  

54.59            " 

3.5374 

E^eba 

Guiiiea 

330  S3            " 

21  4412 

Ferlino  

Bologna  

29.11             " 

l.J-863 

Modena. 

25.68            " 

1.0641 

Frachtspfund        

Bremen  

329.718         Ibs. 

149560. 

Frauzella  .  , 

Zanzibar  

85  2S22        " 

16004.0 

Frazil 

30  0000        " 

13608.1 

Funte  

Kussia    

0.9028        " 

409.510 

0  7899        " 

858.298 

Gantang  

Java  

13.5031        " 

6152.2 

Grain    

England  and  IT.  S 

1  .  0000   grain. 

0.0643 

Gramme. 

15  432          " 

1.0000 

Gran,    Apothecaries'  

Austria  
Denmark 

1.18            " 
0.96            " 

0.0732 
0.0622 

41                                       44 

Germany  

0.96            " 

0.0022 

U 

Norway.... 

0.95 

0.0615 

WEIGHTS. 


109 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Grammes. 

Gran 

Russia 

0  96       grain 

0  0622 

Saxony  .       ... 

0  94 

0  0(509 

Grano 

Bologna 

0  72 

0  0466 

0  71 

0  0460 

Parma  

0.73 

0  0473 

Rome 

0  76 

0  0492 

Spain 

0  77 

0  0500 

Turin 

0  82 

0  0581 

0  76 

0  0492 

H 

Ven  Lombardy 

1.54 

0  1000 

Granotino 

Turin 

0  03 

0  0019 

Grao  

Portugal  

0.77 

0  0500 

Grosso  

Ven.  Lombardy 

154  82 

10  0000 

Harsela.     For  silk  
Hectogramme  .  .  . 

Egypt  
France,  etc  

2.7275      Ibs. 
3.5273      oz 

1237.2 

100  0000 

Heller  

Brunswick  

7  04       grain 

0  4562 

Frankfort 

0  4933 

^lundred-  weight 

Great  Britain 

112  000       Ibs 

50703 

United  States  

100.000          * 

45360 

Kamha  

Egypt  .  . 

0  49      grains 

0  031  T 

Kan  or  catty 

China. 

1  3334      Ibs 

604  83 

Kantar.    See  cantaro  

Karat  

Turkey  

3  09      grains 

0  2002 

Karch 

Austria 

493  85          Ibs 

224009 

Karob 

Algeria 

3  00     grains 

0  1944 

Kerat  
Kharrouba                .... 

Egypt  
Tripoli  

1.99      '     "   ' 
3  00            " 

0.1239 
0  11)44 

Kilo°ramm0  , 

France  etc. 

2  2046      Ibs 

1000 

40  678          " 

18  451 

Korrel  

Netherlands  

1.54     grains 

0  1000 

Kotscha 

Muscat 

5.8333       oz 

165  3762 

Lachsa 

Sooloo  Archipela- 

66  6667      Ibs 

30236 

Lana  

Russia    .... 

1.2037        oz 

84  1251 

Last  

Austria 

4938  46          Ibs 

2250085 

Sweden  

9337.9             " 

4245671. 

Libbra  

Ancona  

0.7277 

850  58 

Bologna 

0.7984 

862  15 

"          Sottile 

Genoa 

0  7002 

8.17  61 

41          Grosso.... 

0.7691 

848  85 

Sottile 

Ionian  Isles  .... 

0  8229 

873  27 

1.0000 

453.603 

or  rottolo  

Malta  :. 

1.7500 

794  005 

Modena  

0.7044 

819  52 

Naples. 

0  7072 

320  79  ' 

Parma 

0  7197 

826  46 

Rome 

0  7477 

889  16 



Sicily  
Turin  

0.7072 
0.8133 

320.79 
868  91 

Tuscany 

0  7486 

839  56 

Metrica... 
li  'a 

Ven.  Lombardy.. 

2.2046 
1  0127 

1000.00 
450  36 

Balearic  Isles  .  . 

0  8820 

400  07 

Canary  Isles 

1  0148 

460  31 

1  0430 

473  10 

Chili  

1.0480 

473  10 

Madeira.... 

1.0110 

458.50 

10 


110 


WEIGHTS. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Grammes. 

460.04 
460.09 
344.24 
345.42 
460.90 
460.09 
6979.4 
6544.7 
67S0.5 
8503.0 

Libra 

Mexico  

1.0142      Ibs. 
1.0143        » 
0.7539        " 
0.7615        " 
1.0161 
1.0143        " 
15.3868        " 
14.4284        " 
14.9481        " 
18.7457        " 

u 

Peru  

"         Apothecaries'  

Portugal  
Spain  

H 

Uruguay  .... 

Uflspfund  

Bremen  

Brunswick  

H 

Hamburg.  .  . 

Lispund                

Norway  

Liter.    See  rotl  
Litra               

Abyssinia  

Eoumania  

11.2720       oz. 
11.2720        " 
1.0792      Ibs. 
1.1023 
0.8267        " 
225.27     grains. 
205.00 
20:3.14 
154.32 
270.06            " 
270.06            " 
241.12            " 
240.42            " 
225.44 
243.39 
233.60            " 
236.10 
233.52            " 
241.12            " 
233.79 
257.19            " 
197.49 
241.12            " 
O.CO            " 
28.50 
38.33 
60.42            " 
52.00            " 
58.33            " 
13.6601       Ibs. 
27.3202 
2.13     grains 
3.0071        Ibs 
6.00      grains 
8.1015       oz. 
8.0949 
8.0754 
8.1288 
8.2902 
9.8768 
8.7925 
8.2448 
8.2491 
8.2384 
8.9126 
8.5481 

319.5634 
319.5634 
439.5251 
500.0000 
375.0000 
14.6041 
13.2841 
18.1636 
10.0000 
17.5000 
17.5000 
15.6250 
15.5806 
14.60S6 
15.7718 
15.1374 
15.2994' 
15.1322 
15.6250 
15.1497 
16.6666 
12.7974 
15.6250 
0.0389 
1.S468 
2,4870 
8.9152 
3.3096 
3.7798 
6196.2 
12392.4 
0.18SO 
1364.02 
0.8S88 
229.  6S 
229.49 
245.85 
230.45 
235.03 
280.01 
249.27 
233.74 
233.86 
233.56 
252.67 
242.20 

Servia  

Livre 

Martinique 

Switzerland  

Denmark 

Lod.    For  gold  and  silver.  . 

Norway  

"       For  gold  and  silver.  . 
Lood 

Netherlands  
Austria  
Bavaria  

Loth 

H 

Bremen  

4. 

M 

Frankfort  

u 

Hamburg  

H 

Hanover  

H 

Hesse-Cassel  

it 

Hesse-Darmatadt. 
Liibeck  
Prussia  

H 

M 

H 

Eussia  
Switzerland  
Annam  
Amboyna  

U 

LY    . 

Aface 

Borneo  

u 

China  

u 

Singapore  
Kooloo  Archipel.. 
Ispahan  
Shiraz  

M 

Mahndshah  

Maleborong  

Mane 

Borneo  
Zanzibar  
Madras 

Marco           

Argentine  Confed 
Portugal      

H 

u 

Spain 

a 

Ven.  Lombardy.. 
Austria  

Mark 

u 

Brunswick  
Cologne  
Denmark  
Frankfort  

u 

(I 

u 

M 

WEIGHTS. 


Ill 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Grammes. 

Mark  

Hanover  .  . 

8  6356       oz 

244  82 

Lfibeck 

8  5499 

242  39 

ii 

Norway 

1  4806 

210  66 

Prussia        .  .     . 

8  2494 

283  87 

Saxony 

8  2448 

233  74 

8  2511 

233  855 

M  seal 

4  7939 

M  und 

21  9429       1  « 

9952 

An  jar. 

26  2800 

10898 

At  Bet-el-faki  

"    Jidda     .. 

Arabia  

2.0390 
1  8301 

924.89 
830  13 

"   Mocha  

H 

3  0000 

1860  8 

Aurungabad 

75  8C67 

84418 

74  60  67 

83869 

82  1838 

37256 

Bombay 

28  0000 

1  '2701 

79  7800 

86188 

H 

Goa 

24  7500 

11227 

|| 

Gujerat        .  . 

89  7396 

18026 

U 

Madras 

25  0000 

11840 

H 

8  7500 

8969 

H 

Pondicheny  . 

25  9000 

11748 

M 

Sumatra 

77  0000 

84927 

Media-tabla 

2  0101 

72  06 

4  66()5 

JVypt 

47  73 

8  0929 

U                                Ik 

Tripoli:::::::::.: 

73  60 

4  7692 

U                                11 

Tunis 

59  70 

3  8686 

Millier            

France  etc.  . 

2204  6           Ibs 

1000000 

0  0154  grains 

o  ooioo 

Mina  

Greece  

2  2046      Ibs. 

1000 

Miscal  

Mocha 

72  00     grains 

4  6656 

Mocha        

1  0971       oz 

81  1020 

27  007    grains 

1  7602 

Moosa  
Miinzpfund  

Cyprus  
Austria 

112^000     Ibs. 
1  1028        " 

50703. 
500  0000 

22  046          " 

10000 

Nanki 

10  00     grains 

0  (}4so 

Kely  . 

Bengal 

0  28           " 

0  0181 

Nen 

18  7800       oz 

890  66 

Ochava  or  dracma  
Oka  or  oke             

Spain  
Crete 

55.57     grains. 
2  6402     Ibs 

3.6009 
1197  6 

Cyprus 

2  7(*57        " 

1268  1 

u 

ECTDt 

2  7275        " 

1237  2 

Greece.         .... 

8  3714        " 

1529  3 

Ionian  Islands.  .  . 

2.6998        " 

1224  6 

2  8188        " 

1278  6 



Servia  
Tripoli  

2.8188        " 
2.7353        " 

1278.6 

1240  7 

Ortchen!  .'  !  .'  '.  .'  '.  .'  '.  ."  '.  '.  '..'..'.. 
Onoa  ..            

Turkey  
Hanover  
Portugal  

2.8837        " 
14.86     grains 
1.0119       oz. 

1285.4 
0.9629 
28.6873 

Once  

Eussia    . 

1.0582        " 

29  8582 

Switzerland 

1  1091        " 

81  2500 

One  ia  

Bologna  

1.0646        " 

80.1786 

Genoa... 

0.9886       M 

26.4670 

112 


WEIGHTS. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Grammes. 

Oncia  

Modena  
Naples  
Parma 

0.9392      oz. 
0.0429 
0.1)596        " 

26.6278 

26.7312 
27  2047 

Home 

0  9969        " 

28  06'2l 

Siciiy.  

0.9429        " 

26  7312 

Turin. 

1.0844        " 

80  7427 

0  9982        " 

28  2990 

Ven.  Lombardy 

8  5273        " 

100.0000 

Ons.. 

Netherlands. 

3  5273        " 

100  0000 

Onza  

Spain  

1.0161        " 

28.8066 

Ootan.    For  camphor.   . 

Sumatra  

4  0000      Ibs. 

1814  4 

Ort 

0  9739 

"      Ordinary  

Denmark  

77.16           " 

5.0000 

'•      For  srold  and  silver 

14  OS           " 

0  9124 

M 

Sweden 

65  35           " 

4  2347 

Ottavo  

Bologna  .... 

58.22            " 

3.7727 

Turin.  .  . 

59  30            " 

3  842T 

Ounce.    Avoirdupois  

England  and  U.  S. 

1.0000       oz. 

28.3502 

"        Troy  and  apotheca- 
ries'   

44                   14               44 

1.09T1        " 

81.1028 

Outava  

Brazil  

57.17     grains. 

3  7046 

Portugal 

55  34           " 

3  5801 

Packen  
Pagoda  

Russia  
Madras  

1082.03  -       Ibs. 
54  38     grains 

490810. 
3  5238 

Pahaw 

Borneo 

153  50            " 

9  9469 

Pecul.     . 

135.6354      Ibs. 

61524. 

u 

Celebes    

185  6400        " 

61526. 

"    or  tarn 

China 

133  3334        " 

60480 

Java  

135.6312        " 

C1522. 

K 

Malacca 

135  0000        " 

61236 

u 

139  4500        " 

63''54 

u 

Siam  

133  85            " 

6048  S. 

u 

Sumatra 

133  33            " 

60477 

Pennyweight  

England  and  U.  8. 

24.00     grains. 

1.5552 

Pfennig  

Austria 

16  88            " 

1  0!l83 

Brunswick  
Frankfort  

14.09            " 
15.21            " 

0.9140 
0  9856 

H 

Hamburg  .... 

14  60           " 

0.9461 

M 

Liibeck 

14  61            " 

0  1'5°6 

H 

Saxony  

14.18            " 

0.9189 

Pfund  . 

Austria 

1.2346      Ibs. 

560  00 

0  9284        " 

421  12 

Baden  .... 

1.1028        " 

500  00 

(i 

Bavaria 

1  1023        " 

500  00 

"         Commercial  

1.2346        " 

560.00 

it 

Bremen                . 

0991        " 

498.54 

H 

0306        " 

467  48 

U 

Frankfort 

.1141        " 

505  34 

U 

1023        " 

500  00 

"         Apothecaries1  

44 

Hamburg        .  . 

.7889        " 
0679        " 

857.83 
484  40 

U 

0794        " 

4S9  64 

u 

0675        " 

484  22 

u 

Hesse-Darmstadt 

1023        " 

500.00 

t( 

Liibeck 

068T        " 

484  77 

u 

1  1028        " 

500  00 

M 

Saxon  v  

1.'0306        " 

467.48 

WEIGHTS. 


113 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Gramme*. 

Pfnnd 

1  10°3       Ibs 

500  00 

Pfundschwer  .  . 

Bremen. 

329  57            " 

149493 

Phan 

6  03     grains 

0  3907 

Pice 

163  33            " 

10  5838 

Piso  or  uzan  

Guinea 

124  08            " 

8  0404 

Pollam  

Madras                . 

1  2250       oz. 

34  7289 

Pond. 

Netherlands 

'2  2046      Ibs 

1000  00 

"       Apothecaries1  

Russia 

0.8267 
86  0676        " 

375.00 
16360 

Pound.    Avoirdupois  . 

England  and  TJ  S 

1  0000        " 

453  6029 

"          Troy  and  apothe- 
caries1   

0.8229        " 

873  2674 

pund  

Denmark 

1  1023        " 

500  00 

Apothecaries1  

0.78897      " 

357.89 

"        Apothecaries1  

Norway  

0  7856        " 

856.35 

"       Set  sl&o  skiilpund  .  . 

U                  It          11                  U 

Punko  

Sweden  
Bengal  

0.9373        " 
0.9338        " 
0.14     grains. 

425.16 
423.57 
0  0091 

Quan 

6SS  76         Ibs 

312221 

^Quarter  

Great  Britain 

28  0000        " 

12700  0 

United  Stales 

25  0000        " 

11340  0 

Quentchen  

Legal.  . 

Austria  
Bavaria  

67.51     grains. 

60  28           " 

4.3750 
3  9062 

Commercial.  .  . 

Bremen 

67.51            " 
60  10           »' 

4.8750 
3  8945 

Brunswick  

56.36            " 

8.65-21 

Frankfort.         .   . 

60  85           " 

3  9476 

Hamburg 

58  40            " 

8  7843 

Hanover 

59  02           " 

3  8045 

53  83           " 

3  7,s80 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 

60.23           " 

8  9062 

Lubeck 

58  45           " 

3  7876 

Prussia 

60  28            " 

8  9062 

Quentlein  

Saxony  

56.70            " 

8.6093 

Quilate.    For  gems     .   . 

Brazil.     .   .. 

3.075          " 

0  1996 

Quint  

Denmark 

1.7636       oz. 

50  0000 

Quintal  

Argentine  Confed. 

101.270        Ibs. 

45936. 

Bolivia. 

101  .418          " 

46000. 

Central  America 

104.800          u 

47310. 

220  46           " 

100000 

Mexico 

101  418          " 

46003 

Peru 

101.429          " 

46008. 

Portugal. 

129.518          " 

58749 

Spain 

101.609          " 

46089     *--• 

110  23            " 

50000 

Venezuela  

101  .438          " 

46012. 

Qu  ntin  

Denmark 

56  32     grains. 

3  6496 

Ordinary   .  .  . 

Norway.        . 

51  25           " 

8  3210 

For  gold  and  silver 

50.79           " 

3.2911 

Quinto 

Guinea 

93  06           M 

6  0303 

Kattel  .... 

Persia  

1.0568      Ibs. 

479.86 

Riohtspfennier 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 

15  08     grains. 

0.976B 

Rik       P           g  

Teheran 

17  075       Ibs. 

7745  2 

Kjoo 

116  125   grains 

7  5247 

Eotl  or  rottolo  

Abyssinia  

0.6857      Ibs. 

811  .03 

"    attari,  for  spices  
"    feuddi.  erold  and  silver. 

Algeria  

1.2089        " 
1.0967       " 

646.09 

497.46 

114 


WEIGHTS. 


MEASURES. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Gramme*. 

Eotl  gheddari,  for  fruits 

Algeria        ...   . 

1  8545      Ibs 

614  40 

khebir  . 

2  0317        " 

921  58 

At  Bet-el-faki  

Arabia  

1  0195        " 

46'-1  45 

"  Jidda              .  . 

0  8660        " 

1C  6  02 

Eevnt 

0  QS19        " 

445  41 

Of  commerce  ...     .  '.  . 

Morocco  .  . 

1  19            " 

539  79 

"  the  markets.  ... 

1  70           " 

771  12 

Tripoli 

1  0971        '* 

497  $4 

suckv,  for  meat  etc.  . 

Tunis  

1  2532        " 

568  45 

ghredari,  for  vegetables 

1  .4098        " 

639  49 

Botolo  

Aleppo  

5  0643        " 

2297  17 

Crete 

1  1657-       " 

5^8  76 

"     

Cyprus  
Genoa  .  . 

5.2419        " 
1  0508        '* 

2377.73 
476  42 

M 

Naples 

1  9645        " 

891  10 

44        Grosso  
"        Sottile  

Sicily  

1.9250        " 
1  7500        " 

872.18 
793  80 

u 

Smyrna  

1.2(556        "  . 
0  9801        " 

574.08 
441  57 

Eubbio  

Parma. 

17  9D25        " 

8163  5 

H 

22  046          " 

10000  00 

Euttee.    for  pearls  

Bengal.        

2  825    grains. 

0  1881 

6aum  

Austria 

839  536        Ibs. 

154014 

"       For  steel 

308  669          " 

140013 

Bohiffslast  

(i 

2469  23            " 

1120043 

Schiffspfund 

Bremen 

318  727          " 

144574 

u 

288  568          " 

130894 

M 

Hamburg  

299.008          " 

135630 

Scrupel 

Austria         . 

22  88     grains. 

1  4«26 

19  18            " 

1  2429 

H 

Norway  . 

19  02           " 

1  2325 

Scruple 

England  and  TT  S 

20  00            " 

1  2960 

Scrupule  

Russia. 

19  20            " 

1.2442 

Scrupulo 

Portugal. 

18  89            " 

1  1917 

Beer 

Bengal 

1  866T      Ibs 

846  74 

11  2000       oz 

817  5222 

H 

Madras  

10.0000        " 

283  502 

Turkestan 

34  5512      Ibs 

15672 

Seron 

Guinea 

186  12     grains 

12  0606 

Bhik     

China. 

160  00          Ibs. 

72576. 

Sicca     Factory 

Bengal 

1C3  32     grains. 

10  5832 

"         Bazaar  

179.64           " 

11.6407 

Skalpund  

Norway  .... 

0.9873      Ibs. 

425  16 

0  9338        " 

423  57 

Skippund  ....         

Norway  

374.914         " 

170061  . 

Bompi  

Madagascar 

60  00     grains. 

3.8880 

Stein 

24  694        Ibs 

11201  2 

Baden  .       ..... 

11.0230 

5000. 

v/Stone  .                .... 

Great  Britain 

14  0000 

6330.4 

Ta 

137  752 

62484 

Tael  

Amboyna  

1  0018       oz. 

28.4010 

Bantam. 

2.4176 

48  5400 

1  8552 

87  8529 

1  4034 

89  8280 

China 

1  3334 

87.8019 

Cochin  China 

1  3503 

88.2810 



Siam  

2.1336 

60.4ST« 

WEIGHTS. 


115 


WEIGHTS. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupoia. 

Grammes. 

Tael 

Sooloo  Archipel 

1  3328       oz 

87  7849 

Talantoii 

3  3070      Ibs 

1500  00 

Talento  or  centinajo  
Tarn.    See  pecul  

Ionian  Islands  .  .  . 
China  

100.0000        " 
133  3334        " 

45360. 

60480 

Tampang     For  tin 

Malacca 

1  356          " 

615  28 

Tank 

63  40     grains 

4  4303 

Tercio  

Mexico  

162.269        Ibs  " 

73605 

Tica  

Borneo 

6  40     grains 

0  414T 

Tical 

Birrnah 

233  33            " 

15  1201 

Siam  

2:«.33            " 

15  1201 

Timbang.    For  grain  

Java  

677  963        Ibs 

807524 

Tomin  
•Ton  

Spain  
Great  Britain.... 
United  States 

9.26     grains. 
2240.00          Ibs. 
2000  00            " 

0.6001 
1016064. 

907200 

Tonelada  

Argentine  Con  fed. 

2025  40        '    " 

918721* 

Portugal 

1T4S  493          " 

793116 

H 

Spain 

2032  194          " 

921803 

Tonne  

German  Empire  . 

2201.6             " 

1  000000 

Tonneau  

France         .... 

2204  6             " 

1000000 

Trapeso. 

Naples. 

13  T5      grains 

0  8910 

Uckia 

Tripoli 

]  09T1       oz 

81  00^8 

Tunis  

1  1  1  75        " 

81  6811 

Untz.    Ordinary  

Norway. 

0  9373        " 

26  5724 

14        Apothecaries1  

1.0477        " 

29  7023 

41        For  gold  and  silver. 

u 

0.9289        " 

263343 

Unze.    Ordinary  

Austria  . 

1  2346        " 

85  0000 

Apothecaries'  

1  2379        " 

35  0944 

Bavaria 

1  2346        " 

35  0000 

1  0991        " 

31  1595 

Apothecaries1  

Denmark      .  .  .  .  , 

1  0519        " 

29  8214 

Frankfort 

1  1141        " 

81  5847 

Apothecaries'  

Germany  
Hamburg  

1.0519        " 
1.0679        u 

29.8214 
80  2820 

Hanover    . 

1  0794        " 

80  6010 

Hesse-Cassel 

1  0675        " 

30  2636 



Lubeck  
Saxony  

1.0687        " 
1.0306        " 

30.2976 
29  2175 

Uzan.    See  piso    

Guinea  .... 

248  1  6     grains 

16  0809 

Vakia 

Arabia 

1  2000       oz 

84  0200 

Val.    For  gold,  gems,  etc.  . 
Vari  

Delhi  

Madagascar    .... 

5.63     grains. 
30.00           " 

03643 
1  9440 

Vierling,  or  vierding  

Austria  
Bavaria 

4.9384       oz. 
4  4091        " 

140.006 
125000 

Vis           .... 

Birmah 

3  3333      Ibs. 

1512  0 

3  1250        " 

1417  5 

Wakea 

400  00     grains 

25  9209 

12  0395       oz 

841  3198 

Wakega.    Commercial. 

Mocha  

1*0000       Ib. 

45360 

"            For  gold  &  silver 

0  6857        " 

811  03 

Wictie 

Netherlands 

15432   grains 

1  0009 

Yen        

13.7752      Ibs. 

62484 

Yin  

China  

2  6667        " 

1209  6 

Zehnlin0"              

Baden 

1  7636       oz 

500000 

Zent                  

Prussia 

25  72     grains 

1  6666 

0  15           " 

0  1000 

Zentner.          

u                 u 

110.23          Ibs. 

50000  00 

Zollcentner.... 

Germany... 

110.23 

50000.00 

116 


MONET. 


WEIGHTS. 

Locality. 

Avoirdupois. 

Gramme*. 

Zollpfund  

Germany.. 

1  1023      Ibs 

500  0000 

Zollstein        .... 

220  46           " 

100000  00 

Kussia 

65  83     grains 

4  2658 

IX.  — MONEY. 

IN  the  following  table  only  the  more  important  monetary 
standards  are  given,  the  minor  subdivisions  being,  with  few  excep- 
tions, omitted.  For  each  unit  four  values  are  given :  First,  its 
value  in  American  currency  (of  the  United  States);  which,  ex- 
pressed in  dollars,  represents  also  its  value  in  dollars  of  Canada 
and  Liberia,  pesos  of  Paraguay,  and  pesos  fuerte  of  the  Argentine 
Confederation.  Second,  its  value  in  French  francs,  to  which  are 
equivalent  the  francs  of  Belgium  and  Switzerland,  pesetas  of 
Spain,  lire  of  Italy,  drachmes  of  Greece,  and  piastres  or  lei  of 
Roumania.  By  dividing  any  value  in  francs  by  five,  the  corre- 
sponding value  may  be  obtained  in  pesos  of  Bolivia,  Central 
America,  Chili,  Colombia,  and  Ecuador,  and  in  sols  of  Peru. 
Third,  its  value  in  English  sterling.  Fourth,  its  value  in  German 
marks : 


MONEY. 

Locality. 

Dollars. 

Francs. 

Sterling. 

Marki. 

Crown.    See  krone  .  . 
Dollar. 

Canada 

1  0000 

51813 

£.   s.    d. 

4    1  1/ 

4  1450 

"        See  tallari.  .  . 

Egypt  

Hong-Kong  
Liberia  

1.0400 
1.0000 

5.3885 
5.1813 

4    3K 
4    IX 

4.3108 
4  1450 

"        See  peso  

Mexico.  

South  America.  .  . 

H 

United  States 

1.0000 

5.1813 

4    1  V 

41450 

Drachme         

Greece 

01930 

1  0000 

Qlv- 

Escudo  

Spain  

0.5049 

2.6160 

2    1 

2  0923 

Florin.    See  guilder. 

Netherlands  

"           "    gulden.. 

Franc 

0  1930 

1  0000 

9V 

0  gooo 

France.               .  . 

01980 

1.0000 

08000 

u 

Switzerland 

0  1930 

1  0000 

Q  V 

0  8000 

Qersh 

Tripoli 

01046 

05419 

51 

04335 

Guilder  or  florin  
Gulden"      "    

Netherlands  
Austria  

0.4084 
0.4803 

2.1161 

2.4886 

1    8^ 
1  11^ 

L6929 
1.9909 

MONEY. 


117 


MONEY. 

Locality. 

Dollars 

Francs. 

Sterling. 

Marks. 

Gulden  or  florin  
Krone.    Vereins  

Germany  

0.4117 
6.6462 
026bO 
0.6698 
0.1930 
0.1930 
0.2401 
0.3642 
0.5456 
1.0847 
1.6015 
7.1050 
0.9498 
0.1930 
1.0000 
0.9650 
0.9650 
0.9650 
0.9650 
0.9650 
1.0567 
1.0000 
0.7836 
0.0495 
0.&337 
0.1930 
0.0794 
0.0432 
0.1286 
4.8666 
0.5463 
1.0212 
1.0929 
1.1023 
0.2756 
0.7779 
0.4622 
<>^t;:j 
".fiuVi 
1.0926 
1.9102 
1.6100 
1.0039 
0.7204 
0.7912 
0.7204 
2.7155 
2.2437 
1.0400 

2.1832 
34.4363 
1.3886 
8.4705 
1.0000 
1.0000 
1.2500 
1.8922 
2.8269 
5.6202 
8.2979 
36.8135 
4.9212 
1.0000 
5.1813 
6.0000 
5.0000 
5.0000 
5.0000 
5.0000 
5.4751 
5.1£13 
4.0601 
0.2565 
4.3197 
1.0000 
0.4114 
0.2238 
0.6663 
25.2158 
2.8306 
5.2912 
5.6627 
5.7114 
1.4279 
4.0306 
2.3948 
1.2606 
5.0000 
5.6611 
9.8974 
8.8419 
5.2015 
8.7500 
4.0995 
3.7500 
14.0700 
11.6254 
5.3885 

£.  s.    d. 
1    8| 
1    7    4J 
1    1% 
2    9 

% 
iH* 

2    2| 

if 

1    9    2X 
8  11 
9^ 

4  IK 

3  11 
3  11 
3  11 
3  11 
3  11 
4    4K 
4    IK 
8    2K 

••# 

V 

2^ 

».* 

2    8 

4    2^ 
4    6 
4    6K 
1    1* 
8    2K 
1  10% 

8  11? 
4    6 
7  10J 
6    8 
4    IX 

I1** 
o     o 

2  11X 

H    IX 
9    2% 
4    3K 

1.7066 
27.6917 
1.1109 
2.7764 
0.8000 
0.8000 
1.0000 
1.5138 
2.2615 
4.4962 
6.6383 
29.4508 
3.9370 
0.8dOO 
4.1450 
4.0000 
4.0000 
4.0000 
4.0000 
4.0000 
4.8S01 
4.1450 
3.2481 
0.2052 
8.4558 
0.8000 
0.3291 
0.1790 
0.5830 
20.1726 
2.2645 
4.2329 
5.6626 
4.5691 
1.1423 
8.2645 
1.9160 
1.0085 
4.0000 
45289 
7.9179 
6.6735 
4.1612 
8.0000 
4.0796 
3.0000 
11.2560 
9.3003 
4.8108 

Norway  &  Swed'n 
Annam  
Roumania  
Italy  

Kwan  

Lei  or  piastre..  .. 
Lira  .. 
Mark 

Mark-banco  
Milreis  

Hamburg        .... 

Brazil 

Portugal  
Pondicherry  

Moon  pagoda  
Mohur  (15  rupees) 

India     . 

Patacon. 

Uruguay  

Peseta 

Peso  or  dollar  

Argentine  Confed. 
Bolivia. 

it 

Central  America. 
Chili  
Colombia  

"    

H 

Ecuador 

H 

Mexico 

"       

Paraguay  

Venezuela  
Mocha  

Pi  stre  ..  . 

or  lei  

Roumania  

Servia    . 

Turkey 

M 

Tunis  

Pound  sterling 

Great  Britain  
Denmark 

Rij,rsdaler        " 

Kijksdnaler  
Eiksdaler  

Netherlands  
Norway  

"           silfver... 
"           ryks  mint 
Ruble  or  rouble  
Rupee  

Sweden 

Russia  

India  

Shilling 

Great  Britain.... 
Peru  

Sol...    

Specie  daler  

Denmark  

Star  pagoda  .  .  . 

Madras  
China  

Tael.   .   
Tallari  or  dollar  
Thaler.    Vereins  
Old  rix  

"         Vereins.... 
Tills 

Austria  

Bremen. 

Germany 

Turkestan 

Tomaun     

Persia  

Yen  

Japan  

THE   END 


VALUABLE 

BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 


Appletons'   American    Cyclopaedia.     A   Popular  Dictionary  of 
General  Knowledge.    Edited  by  GEORGE  RIPLEY  and  CHARLES  A.  DANA.    16 
vols.    Large  8vo. .  Per  vol.,  cloth,  $5.00 ;  sheep,  $6.00  ;  half  morocco,  $7.00-, 
half  russia,  $8.00  ;  full  morocco,  or  russia,  $10.00. 
"  The  American  Cyclopaedia  "  is  a  library  in  itself ;  it  is  well  printed  and  in 

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8vo.    1,796  pages.    With  Illustrations.    Price,  cloth,  $9.00  ;  sheep,  $11.00. 

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it  purports  to  be— a  cyclopaedia  of  practical  receipts."— New  York  Times. 

Smith's  Comprehensive  Dictionary  of  the  Bible  ;  being  a  Re- 
vised and  much  Enlarged  Edilion  of  "Smith's  Concise  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible."  Edited  by  Rer.  S.  W.  BARNUM.  Embellished  with  many  hundred 
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Glossary  of  Terms  and  Phrases.     Edited  by  the  Rev.  H.  PERCY 
SMITH,  M.  A.,  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford.    8vo,  cloth,  $3.00. 
The  object  of  the  work  is  to  bring  together  such  words,  expressions,  quota- 
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ture, and  require,  not  for  the  scientific  but  for  the  ordinary  reader,  explanations, 
for  the  want  of  which  the  meaning  of  a  sentence  or  a  paragraph,  even  the  drift 
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Landmarks  of  English  Literature.     By  HENRY  J.  NICOLL.     12rno, 

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HISTORICAL  REFERENCE- BOOK, 

COMPRISING  C 

A  Chronological  Table  of  Universal  History,  a  Chronological  Diction- 
ary of  Universal  History,  a  Biographical  Dictionary. 

WITH   GEOGRAPHICAL   NOTES. 

FOR  THE  USE  OF  STUDENTS,  TEACHERS,  AND  READERS. 
By  LOUIS  HEILPRIN. 


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1.  Building  a  Home.      By  A.  F.  OAKEY.    Illustrated. 

"  Mr.  Oakey  discusses  house-building  for  the  purposes  of  people  of  moderate  means 
in  the  Middle  States,  and  gives  plans  and  elevations  of  cottages,  from  the  very  cheapest 
to  a  house  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $9,000.  The  conditions  of  building,  with  reference 
to  the  climate  and  material,  are  fully  set  forth,  and  the  class  of  readers  whom  the  book 
contemplates  will  find  it  of  advantage.1'— New  York  World. 

2.  HOW  to  Furnish  a  Home.      By  ELLA  RODMAN  CHUECH. 

Illustrated. 

"  Mrs.  Church's  directions  for  house-furnishing,  while  very  artistic  and  cheerful,  are 
adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  great  army  of  limited  incomes.  What  may  be  done  in  the 
way  of  home  decoration  and  upholstery  is  pointed  out,  with  advice  on  the  finishing 
touches  that  so  often  go  to  make  a  house  a  home." — Philadelphia,  Ledger. 

3«   The  Home  Garden.     By  ELLA  RODMAN  CHURCH.     Illus- 
trated. 

M  We  have  instructions  for  gardening  and  flower-raising,  in  door  and  out.  Roses 
end  lilies  have  separate  chapters,  and  there  is  much  valuable  information  about  fern- 
eries, city  gardens,  miniature  greenhouses,  and  methods  of  utilizing  small  spaces  for 
vegetable-raising." — Albany  Argus. 

4.  Home  Grounds.     By  A.  F.  OAKEY.    Illustrated. 

" ' HOOK  Grounds'  tells,  in  a  very  suggestive  way,  how  the  surroundings  of  a  sub- 
urban home  may  be  made  beautiful  at  little  expense." — Christian  at  Work. 

5.  Home   Decoration  :  Instructions  in  and  Designs  for  Embroid- 

ery, Panel  and  Decorative  Paintings,  Wood-carving,  etc.  By 
JANET  E.  RUUTZ-REES.  With  numerous  Designs,  mainly  by 
GEORGE  GIBSON. 

CONTENTS:  I.  Introductory;  II.  General  Remarks;  III.  Materials  and  Prices;  IV. 
Stitches  and  Methods;  V.  Window-Hangings  and  Portieres;  VI.  Screens;  VII.  Lam- 
brequins and  Small  Panels ;  VIII.  Incidental  Decorations ;  IX.  Wood-carving. 

6.  The  Home  Needle.    By  ELLA  RODMAN  CHURCH.    Illustrated. 
CONTENTS:  I.  "Go  Teach  the  Orphan-Girl  to  Sew";  II.  Beginning  Right— Under- 

Garments;  III.  Under-Garments  (Continued);  IV.  "The  Song  of  the  Shirt";  V. 
Rudiments  of  Dress-making;  VI.  Dress-making  in  Detail;  VII.  Sewing  and  Finish- 
Ing;  VIII.  The  Milliner's  Art;  IX.  Children's  Garments;  X.  House-Linen ;  XI.  Tho 
Mending  Basket;  XII.  A  Patchwork  Chapter. 


7.  Amenities  of  Home.   By  M,  B.  w.  s. 

"  The  author  has  not  spared  good  sense,  right  feeling,  or  sound  princ 
book  for  the  family  circle  it  would  be  hard  to  name." — Literary  World. 


8.  Household    Hints  J  A  Book  of  Home  Receipts  and  Home 

Suggestions,     By  Mrs.  EMMA  W.  BABCOCK. 

"The  author  has  evidently  been  used  to  the  nice  economics  of  life,  and  her  experi- 
ence is  of  more  than  ordinary  value.  The  book  is  not  entirely  given  up  to  culinary 
items;  there  are  talks  on  various  subjects,  and  happy  suggestions  on  making  and 
ordering  a  pleasant  home,  that  shall  have  a '  certain  physiognomy  of  its  own.' " — Boston 
Courier. 

9.  The    Home    Library.      By  ARTHUR  PENN,  editor  of  "The 

Rhymester."     Illustrated. 

CONTENTS:  I.  A  Plea  for  the  Best  Books ;  II.  On  the  Buying  and  Owning  of  Books" 
III.  On  Keading;  IV.  On  Fiction  (with  a  List  of  a  Hundred  Best  Novels)',  V.  On 
the  Library  and  its  Furniture;  VI.  On  Book-binding;  VII.  On  the  Making  of  Scrap- 
Books;  VIII.  On  Diaries  and  Family  Kecords;  IX.  On  the  Lending  and  Marking  of 
Books ;  X.  Hints  Here  and  There ;  XL  Appendix— List  of  Authors  whose  Works 
should  be  found  in  the  Home  Library. 

"  A  practical,  suggestive,  serviceab'e  volume,  belonging  to  a  series  of  what  may  be 
called  domestic  guide-books,  all  useful,  instructive,  and  convenient." — /Saturday  Re~ 
view. 

10.  Home   Occupations.      By  JANET   E.  RUUTZ-REES.     Hhis- 

trated. 

CONTENTS  :  I.  Introductory;  IT.  What  can  be  done  with  Leather;  III.  The  Possi- 
bilities of  Tissue-Paper;  IV.  Modeling  in  Wax-Flowers;  V.  Modeling  in  Wax- 
Fruits,  etc.;  VI.  The  Preservation  of  Flowers  and  Grasses;  VII.  Spatter- W ork ; 
VIII.  Frame-Making;  IX.  Collections;  X.  Making  Scrap-Books;  XL  The  Uses  of 
Card-Board:  XII.  What  can  be  done  with  Beads;  XIII.  Amateur  Photography: 
XIV.  Miscellaneous  Occupations. 

11.  Home  Amusements.     By  M.  E.  W.  S.,  author  of  "Ameni- 

ties of  Home,"  etc. 

CONTENTS;  I.  Prefatory;  II.  The  Garret;  III.  Private  Theatricals,  etc.;  IV.  Ta- 
bleaux Vivants ;  V.  Brain  Games;  VI.  Fortune-Telling;  VII.  Amusements  for  a  Rainy 
Day;  VIII.  Embroidery  and  other  Decorative  Arts;  IX.  Etching;  X.  Lawn  Tennis; 
XI.  Garden  Parties;  XII.  Dancing;  XIII.  Gardens  and  Flower-Stands;  XIV.  Caged 
Birds  and  Aviaries;  XV.  Picnics;  XVI.  Playing  with  Fire— Ceramics ;  XVII.  Arch- 
ery; XVIII.  Amusements  for  the  Middle-Aged  and  the  Aged;  XIX.  The  Parlor; 
XX.  The  Kitchen;  XXL  The  Family  Horse  and  other  Pets;  XXII.  In  Conclusion. 

12.  Health  at   Home.     By  A.  H.  GUERNSEY,  and  I.  P.  DAVIS, 

M.  D.,  author  of  "  Hygiene  for  Girls." 

CONTENTS:  I.  Home  Surroundings ;  II.  Privies  and  Water-Closets ;  III.  The  House 
Itself;  IV.  The  Air  we  Breathe;  V.  The  Water  we  Drink;  VI.  The  Food  we  Eat; 
VII.  Lighting  and  Warming;  VIII.  Disinfectants;  IX.  The  Bedroom;  X.  The  Cloth- 
ing we  Wear;  XI.  Personal  Habits;  XII.  Household  Practice;  XIII.  Poisons  and 
Antidotes ;  XIV.  Accidents  and  Emergencies. 

This  series  covers  almost  every  topic  pertaining  to  the  American  Home,  and  makei 
altogether  an  invaluable  library  on  the  most  interesting  of  all  themes.  Many  of  the 
books  are  copiously  illustrated. 

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•TUNINGS    NOT    GENERALLY    KNOWN;    A 

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HISTOR  Y  OF  ENGLAND  IN  THE  EIGHT- 
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ryANCROFTS   HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED 

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:T STORY  OF   THE   PEOPLE  OF  THE 

UNITED  STA  TES,  from  the  Revolution  to  the  Civil  War. 
By  JOHN  BACH  MCMASTER.  To  be  completed  in  five  volumes. 
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HTHE     HOUSEHOLD      HISTORY     OF     THE 
-f      UNITED   STA  TES  AND   ITS  PEOPLE.      For  Young 
Americans.    By  EDWARD  EGGLESTON.     Richly  illustrated  with 
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HOMER.     By  W.  E.  GLADSTONE. 
SHAKSPERE.     By  E.  DOWDEN. 
ENGLISH  LITERATURE.      By  S.  A 

BROOKE.  > 

GREEK  LITERATURE.  ByR.C.jEBB.  ) 
PHILOLOGY.     By  J.  PEILE. 
ENGLISH     COMPOSITION.        By    J 

NlCHOL. 

GEOGRAPHY.     By  G.  GROVE. 
CLASSICAL  GEOGRAPHY.    By  H.  F 

TOZER. 

INTRODUCTION*   TO  SCIENCE   PRIM- 
ERS.    By  T.  H.  HUXLEY. 
PHYSIOLOGY.    By  M.  FORSTER. 
CHEMISTRY.     By  H.  E.  ROSCOE. 
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GEIKIE. 
POLITICAL   ECONOMY.      By  W.    S. 

JEVONS. 

LOGIC.     By  W.  S.  JEVONS. 
HISTORY  OF  EUROPE.      By  E.  A.  ] 

FKEEMAN.  ^ 

HISTORY  OF  FRANCE.     By  C.  M. 

YONGE. 
HISTORY  OF  ROME.    By  M.  CREIGH- 

TON. 
HISTORY  OF   GREECE.      By  C.  A. 

FYFFE. 
OLD  GREEK  LIFE.     By  J.  P.  MA- 

HAFFY. 

ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES.      By  A.    S. 

WlLKINS. 

SOPHOCLES.     By  LEWIS  CAMPBELL. 
EURIPIDES.     By  J.  P.  MAHAFFY. 
VERGIL.     By  Prof.  H.  NETTLESHIP. 
LIVY.     By  W.  W.  CAPES. 
DEMOSTHENES.    By  S.  H.  BUTCHER. 
MILTON.    By  S.  A.  BROOKE. 


THE     APOSTOLIC     FATHERS    AND    THE 

APOLOGISTS.     By  Rev.  G.  A.  JACKSON. 
THE  FATHERS  OF  THE  THIRD  CENTURY. 

By  Rev.  G.  A.  JACKSON. 
THOMAS  CARLYLE:    His  Life,  his  Books, 

his  Theories.     By  A.  H.  GUERNSEY. 
RALPH    WALDO    EMERSON,    Philosopher 

and  Poet.     By  A.  H.  GUERNSEY. 
MACAULAY:   His  Life,  his  Writings.     By 

C.  H.  JONES. 
SHORT  LIFE  OF  CHARLES  DICKENS.    By 

C.  H.  JONES. 
SHORT  LIFE  OF  GLADSTONE.     By  C.  H. 

JONES. 

RUSKIN  ON  PAINTING. 
TOWN  GEOLOGY.   By  CHARLES  KINGSLEY. 
THE  CHILDHOOD  OF  RELIGIONS.     By  E. 

CLODD. 
HISTORY  OF  THE  EARLY  CHURCH.     By 

E.  M.  SEWELL. 
THE  ART  OF  SPEECH.     Poetry  and  Prose. 

By  L.  T.  TOWNSEND. 
THE   ART  OF  SPEECH.     Eloquence  and 

Logic.     By  L.  T.  TOWNSEND. 
THE  WORLD'S  PARADISES.    By  S.  G.  W. 

BENJAMIN. 
THE  GREAT  GERMAN  COMPOSERS.      By 

G.  T.  FERRIS. 
THE  GREAT  ITALIAN  AND  FRENCH  COM- 

POSERS.     By  G.  T.  FERRIS. 
GREAT  SINGERS.     First  Series.      By  G. 

T.  FERRIS. 
GREAT  SINGERS.     Second  Series.     By  G. 

T.  FERRIS. 
GREAT  VIOLINISTS  AND  PIANISTS.      By 

G.  T.  FERRIS. 


/tPPLETONS'     ATLAS    OF     THE     UNITED 
•*!    STA  TES.     Consisting  of  General  Maps  of  the  United  States 
and  Territories,  and  a  County  Map  of  each  of  the  States,  printed 
in  Colors.     Imperial  8vo.     Cloth,  $1.50. 

The  Atlas  also  contains  Descriptive  Text  outlining  the  History,  Geography,  and 
Political  and  Educational  Organization  of  the  States,  with  latest  Statistics  of  their 
Resources  and  Industries. 

NEW   YORK:    D.    APPLETON    &    CO.,    PUBLISHERS. 


T 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 


*HE  HISTOR  Y  OF  ANCIENT  CT  VI LIZ  A  TION. 
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toire  Sommaire  de  la  Civilisation."  Edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  VER- 
SCHOYLE,  M.  A.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  Large  I2mo. 
Cloth,  $1.75. 

"With  M.  Ducoudray's  work  as  a  basis,  many  additions  having  been  made,  derived 
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comprehensive  view  of  early  civilization.  .  .  .  As  to  the  world  of  the  past,  the  volume 
under  notice  treats  of  Egypt,  Assyria,  the  Far  East,  of  Greece  and  Rome,  in  the  most 
comprehensive  manner.  It  is  not  the  arts  alone  which  are  fully  illustrated,  but  the 
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but  it  is  its  all-around  character  which  renders  it  so  useful.  A  great  many  volumes 
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T 


*HE  HISTOR  Y  OF  MODERN  CIVILIZA  TION. 
A  Hand-book  also  based  upon  M.  GUSTAVE  DUCOUDRAY'S 
"  Histoire  Sommaire  de  la  Civilisation  "  ;  edited  by  the  Rev.  J. 
VERSCHOYLE,  M.  A.  Illustrated.  Uniform  with  "  The  His- 
tory of  Ancient  Civilization."  I2mo.  Cloth,  $2.25. 

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with  much  skill." — Saturday  Review. 

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that  rarest  of  literary  portents — a  summary  at  once  comprehensive  and  readable." — 
London  Telegraph. 


T 


ICE  AGE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  and  its 
Bearings  upon  the  Antiquity  of  Man.  By  G.  FREDERICK 
WRIGHT,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  F.  G.  S.A.,  Professor  in  Oberlin 
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logical Survey.  With  an  Appendix  on  "  The  Probable  Cause 
of  Glaciation,"  by  WARREN  UPHAM,  F.  G.  S.A.,  Assistant  on 
the  Geological  Surveys  of  New  Hampshire,  Minnesota,  and 
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Index.  Cloth,  $5.00. 

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ing pedantic  in  the  narrative,  and  the  most  serious  themes  and  startling  discoveries  are 
treated  with  such  charming  naturalness  and  simplicity  that  boys  and  girls,  as  well  as 
their  seniors,  will  be  attracted  to  the  story,  and  find  it  difficult  to  lay  it  aside."— New 
York  Journal  of  Commerce, 


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A  ROUND  AND  ABOUT  SOUTH  AMERICA, 

•**•    Twenty  Months  of  Quest  and  Query.      By  FRANK  VINCENT, 

author  of  "  The  Land  of  the  White  Elephant,"  etc.    With  Maps, 

Plans,  and  54  full-page  Illustrations.      8vo,  xxiv  +  473  pages. 

Ornamental  cloth,  $5.00. 

No  former  traveler  has  made  so  comprehensive  and  thorough  a  tour  of 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  America  as  did  Mr.  Vincent.  He  visited  every 
capital,  chief  city,  and  important  seaport,  made  several  expeditions  into  the 
interior  of  Brazil  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  ascended  the  Parana1, 
Paraguay,  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  Magdalena  Rivers ;  he  visited  the  crater 
of  Pichinchas,  16,000  feet  above  the  sea-level ;  he  explored  falls  in  the  center 
of  the  continent,  which,  though  meriting  the  title  of  "Niagara  of  South 
America,"  are  all  but  unknown  to  the  outside  world ;  he  spent  months  in 
the  picturesque  capital  of  Rio  Janeiro  ;  he  visited  the  coffee  districts,  studied 
the  slaves,  descended  the  gold-mines,  viewed  the  greatest  rapids  of  the  globe, 
entered  the  isolated  Guianas,  and  so  on. 

rN  AND  OUT  OF  CENTRAL   AMERICA;   and 

other  Sketches  and  Studies  of  Travel.      By  FRANK  VINCENT. 
With  Maps  and  Illustrations.     I2mo.     Cloth,  $2.00. 


B 


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of  acquaintance  with  that  empire  are  principally  derived  from  a  residence  of  three 
years  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  its  capital,  while  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
Government,  during  which  period  I  made  a  few  journeys  into  the  interior."  —  Front 
the  Preface. 


Travels  and  Investigations  in   the   "Middle 
V-^      Kingdom"      A    Study   of    its    Civilization    and    Possibilities. 
With  a  Glance  at  Japan.     By  JAMES  HARRISON  WILSON,  late 
Major-General  United   States  Volunteers  and   Brevet   Major- 
General  United  States  Army.     I2mo.     Cloth,  $1.75. 

"The  book  presents  China  and  Japan  in  all  these  aspects;  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  people  ;  the  institutions,  tendencies,  and  social  ideas  ;  the  government  and 
leading  men."  —  Boston  Traveller. 


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D.   APPLETON  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

ASTRONOMY     WITH    AN     OPERA-GLASS. 
**•    A  Popular  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Starry  Heavens 
with  the  Simplest  of  Optical  Instruments.     By  GARRETT  P. 
SERVISS.    8vo.    Cloth,  $1.50. 

This  is  a  unique  book,  quite  alone  in  the  field  that  it  occupies.  The  call  for  a 
fourth  edition  within  two  years  after  its  first  publication  attests  its  popularity.  As  one 
of  its  reviewers  has  said,  "  It  is  the  most  human  book  on  the  subject  of  the  stars." 
It  would  have  supplied  Thomas  Carlyle's  want  when  he  wrote,  "Why  did  not  some- 
body teach  me  the  stars  and  make  me  at  home  in  the  starry  heavens?"  Interest  in 
the  geography  of  the  heavens  is  increasing  every  year,  as  the  discoveries  of  astrono- 
mers with  the  giant  telescopes  of  our  day  push  back  the  limits  of  the  known  universe, 
and  this  book  is  to  those  who  read  of  such  discoveries  like  an  atlas  to  the  student  of 
history. 

Some  of  the  compliments  that  the  book  has  received  are  these : 

"A  most  interesting  and  even  fascinating  book." — Christian  Union. 

"  The  glimpses  he  allows  to  be  seen  of  far-stretching  vistas  opening  out  on  every 
side  of  his  modest  course  of  observation  help  to  fix  the  attention  of  the  negligent,  and 
lighten  the  toil  of  the  painstaking  student.  .  .  .  Mr.  Serviss  writes  with  freshness  and 
vivacity."— London  Saturday  Review. 

"We  are  glad  to  welcome  this,  the  second  edition,  of  a  popular  introduction  to  the 
study  of  the  heavens.  .  .  .  There  could  hardly  be  a  more  pleasant  road  to  astro- 
nomical knowledge  than  it  affords.  ...  A  child  may  understand  the  text,  which  reads 
more  like  a  collection  of  anecdotes  than  anything  else,  but  this  does  not  mar  its  sci- 
entific value."— Nature. 

"  Mr.  Garrett  P.  Serviss's  book,  '  Astronomy  with  an  Opera-Glass,'  offers  us  an 
admirable  hand-book  and  guide  in  the  cultivation  of  this  noble  aesthetic  discipline  (the 
study  of  the  stars)." — New  York  Home  Journal. 

"  The  book  should  belong  to  every  family  library." — Boston  Home  Journal. 

"  This  book  ought  to  make  star-gazing  popular." — New  York  Herald. 

"The  author  attributes  much  of  the  indifference  of  otherwise  well-informed  per- 
sons regarding  the  wonders  of  the  starry  firmament  to  the  fact  that  telescopes  are  avail- 
able to  few,  and  that  most  people  have  no  idea  of  the  possibilities  of  the  more  familiar 
instrument  of  almost  daily  use  whose  powers  he  sets  forth." — New  Orleans  Times- 
Democrat. 

"  By  its  aid  thousands  of  people  who  have  resigned  themselves  to  the  ignorance  in 
which  they  were  left  at  school,  by  our  wretched  system  of  teaching  by  the  book  only, 
will  thank  Mr.  Serviss  for  the  suggestions  he  has  so  well  carried  out" — New  York 
Times. 

"  For  amateur  use  this  book  is  easily  the  best  treatise  on  astronomy  yet  published." 
— Chicago  Herald. 

"  'Astronomy  with  an  Opera-Glass '  fills  a  long-felt  want" — Albany  Journal. 

"  No  intelligent  reader  of  this  book  but  will  feel  that  if  the  author  fails  to  set  his 
public  star-gazing  the  fault  is  not  his,  for  his  style  is  as  winning,  as  graphic,  and  as 
clear  as  the  delightful  type  in  which  it  is  printed." — Providence  Journal. 

"  Mr.  Serviss  neither  talks  over  the  heads  of  his  readers  nor  ignores  the  sublime 
complexity  and  range  of  his  themes,  but  unites  simplicity  with  scholarship,  scientific 
precision  with  life-long  enthusiasm,  and  a  genuine  eloquence  with  rare  touches  of  hu- 
mor. Considered  as  a  product  of  the  publishing  industry,  the  book  is  elegance  itself." 
—7^  Chautauquan. 

New  York :  D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  I,  3,  &  5  Bond  Street. 


^ITH 
<*• 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.S  PUBLICATIONS. 


SCIENCE  OF  LA  W.     By  Professor  SHELDON 
AMOS,  M.  A.     I2mo.    Cloth,  $1.75. 

CONTENTS.—  Chapter  I.  Recent  History  and  Present  Condition  of  the  Science 
of  Law;  II.  Province  and  Limits  of  the  Science  of  Law;  III.  Law  and  Morality; 
IV.  The  Growth  of  Law  ;  V.  The  Growth  of  Law  (continued);  VI.  Elementary  Con- 
ceptions and  Terms;  VII.  Law  in  Relation  to  (i)  the  State,  (2)  the  Family,  (3)  the 
other  Constituent  Elements  of  the  Race;  VIII.  Laws  of  Ownership  of  Property;  IX. 
Law  of  Contract  ;  X.  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  ;  XI.  The  Law  of  Civil  Procedure  ; 
XII.  International  Law  ;  XIII.  Codification;  XIV.  Law  and  Government. 

"  Professor  Amos  has  certainly  done  much  to  clear  the  science  of  law  from  the  tech- 
nical obscurities  which  darken  it  to  minds  which  have  had  no  legal  training,  and  to  make 
clear  to  his  '  lay  '  readers  in  how  true  and  high  a  sense  it  can  assert  its  right  to  be  con- 
sidered a  science,  and  not  a  mere  practice."  —  Christian  Register. 

'TJIE    SCIENCE    OF   POLITICS.      By   Professor 
•*•       SHELDON   AMOS,  M.A.,   author   of   "The  Science  of   Law," 
etc.     I2mo.    Cloth,  $1.75. 

CONTENTS.—  Chapter  I.  Nature  and  Limits  of  the  Science  of  Politics  ;  II.  Po- 
litical Terms  ;  III.  Political  Reasoning  ;  IV.  The  Geographical  Area  of  Modern  Poli- 
tics; V.  The  Primary  Elements  of  Political  Life  and  Action  ;  VI.  Constitutions;  VII. 
Local  Government  ;  VIII.  The  Government  of  Dependencies;  IX.  Foreign  Relations  ; 
X.  The  Province  of  Government  ;  XI.  Revolutions  in  States  ;  XII.  Right  and  Wrong 
in  Politics. 

"  The  author  traces  the  subject  from  Plato  and  Aristotle  in  Greece,  and  Cicero  in 
Rome,  to  the  modern  schools  in  the  English  field,  not  slighting  the  teachings  of  the 
American  Revolution  or  the  lessons  of  the  French  Revolution  of  1793.  Forms  of  gov- 
ernment, political  terms,  the  relation  of  law,  written  and  unwritten,  to  the  subject,  a 
codification  from  Justinian  to  Napoleon  in  France  and  Field  in  America,  are  treated  as 
parts  of  the  subject  in  hand.  Necessarily  the  subjects  of  executive  and  legislative  au- 
thority, police,  liquor,  and  land  laws  are  considered,  and  the  question  ever  growing  in 
importance  in  all  countries,  the  relations  of  corporations  to  the  state."  —  N.  Y.  Observer. 

IGEST  OF  THE  LAWS,  CUSTOMS,  MAN- 
NERS,  AND  INSTITUTIONS  OF  ANCIENT  AND 
MODERN  NA  TIONS.  By  THOMAS  DEW,  late  President  of 
the  College  of  William  and  Mary.  8vo.  Cloth,  $2.00. 

No  pains  have  been  spared  by  the  author  to  secure  accuracy  in  facts  and  figures  ;  and 
in  doubtful  cases  references  are  given  in  parentheses,  so  that  the  student  can  readily 
satisfy  himself  by  going  to  original  sources.  The  department  of  Modern  History,  too 
often  neglected  in  works  of  this  kind,  has  received  special  care  and  attention. 


R 


OMAN  LAW ;  Its  History  and  System  of  Private 
Law.  In  Twelve  Academical  Lectures.  By  Professor  JAMES 
HADLEY.  I2mo.  Cloth,  $1.25. 

"Th«  most  valuable  short  account  of  the  nature  and  importance  of  the  body  of  Ro- 
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time  they  are  sufficiently  elaborate  to  give  a  definite  idea  of  tke  nature  and  the  great- 
ness of  the  subject."— Dr.  C.  K.  Adams' s  Manual  of  Historical  Literature. 


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I2mo.  Cloth,  $1.50. 

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to  the  foreign  correspondents  who  generally  try  to  convey  the  impression  that  they  are 
on  terms  of  intimacy  with  royalty."  —  San  Francisco  Chronicle. 

ADELINE'S  ART  DICTIONARY.      Containing 
*3      a  Complete  Index  of  all   Terms  used  in   Art,  Architecture, 
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/]  WASHINGTON  BIBLE-CLASS.  By  GAIL 
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This  brilliant  author's  interpretations  of  the  Bible  have  gathered  about  her  the  most 
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CLECTRICITY:      THE    SCIENCB    OF     THE 
•C'     NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     A  Sketch  for  General  Read- 
ers.    By  E.  M.  CAILLARD,  author  of  "  The  Invisible  Powers 
of  Nature."     Illustrated.     I2mo.     Cloth,  $1.25. 

"  An  admirable  treatise,"  giving  such  an  outline  of  modern  electrical  science  as 
may  be  readily  understood  by  readers  who  have  no  previous  acquaintance  with  the 
subject.  "—Philadelphia  Press. 


L 


A  GRIPPE  AND  ITS  TREATMENT.  For 
General  Readers.  By  CYRUS  EDSON,  M.  D.,  of  the  Health 
Department,  New  York  City.  Small  i8mo.  Parchment 
paper,  25  cents. 

"  The  author  believes  that  la  grippe  has  come  to  stay,  and  that  the  masses  should 
know  how  to  avoid  its  dangers.  The  volume  gives  a  brief  history  of  the  disease,  its 
diagnosis  and  prognosis,  and  shows  how  the  serious  and  fatal  complications  can  be 
avoided  by  proper  hygienic  care.  It  is  a  good  little  manual  for  every  home." — 
Chicago  Inter-Ocean. 


New  York:   D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  I,  3,  &  5  Bond  Street. 


THE 


POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY. 


ESTABLISHED  BY  EDWARD  L.   YOUMANS. 


EDITED  BY  W,  J,   YOUMANS. 


THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY  will  continue,  as  heretofore,  to  sup- 
ply its  readers  with  the  results  of  the  latest  investigation  and  the  most 
valuable  thought  in  the  various  departments  of  scientific  inquiry. 

Leaving  the  dry  and  technical  details  of  science,  which  are  of  chief 
concern  to  specialists,  to  the  journals  devoted  to  them,  the  MONTHLY 
deals  with  those  more  general  and  practical  subjects  which  are  of  the 
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it  has  achieved  a  foremost  position,  and  is  now  the  acknowledged  organ 
of  progressive  scientific  ideas  in  this  country. 

The  wide  range  of  its  discussions  includes,  among  other  topics : 

The  bearing  of  science  upon  education ; 

Questions  relating  to  the  prevention  of  disease  and  the  improvement 
of  sanitary  conditions ; 

Subjects  of  domestic  and  social  economy,  including  the  introduction, 
of  better  ways  of  living,  and  improved  applications  in  the  arts  of  every 
kind; 

The  phenomena  and  laws  of  the  larger  social  organizations,  with  the 
new  standard  of  ethics,  based  on  scientific  principles ; 

The  subjects  of  personal  and  household  hygiene,  medicine,  and  archi- 
tecture, as  exemplified  in  the  adaptation  of  public  buildings  and  private 
touses  to  the  wants  of  those  who  use  them ; 

Agriculture  and  the  improvement  of  food-products ; 

The  study  of  man,  with  what  appears  from  time  to  time  in  the  depart- 
ments  of  anthropology  and  archaeology  that  may  throw  light  upon  the 
development  of  the  race  from  its  primitive  conditions. 

Whatever  of  real  advance  is  made  in  chemistry,  geography,  astron. 
omy,  physiology,  psychology,  botany,  zoology,  paleontology,  geology,  or 
such  other  department  as  may  have  been  the  field  of  research,  is  recorded 
monthly. 

Special  attention  is  also  called  to  the  biographies,  with  portraits,  of 
representative  scientific  men,  in  which  are  recorded  their  most  marked 
achievements  in  science,  and  the  general  bearing  of  their  work  indicated 
and  its  value  estimated. 


Terms:  $5.00  per  annum,  in  advance. 

The  New  York  Medical  Journal  and  The  Popular  Science 
Monthly  to  the  same  address,  $9.00  per  annum  (full  price, 
$10.00).  

New  York:  D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  1,  3.  &  5  Bond  Street. 


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